污染河流生物修复技术研究

河流污染逐渐严重,给人们的生活、生产和健康造成巨大危害。文章对用生物修复技术治理污染河流的影响因素和方法进行了简要的介绍。     

海滩石油污染的生物修复

探讨了油污染海滩的生物修复技术，以及适合采用该技术的海岸线类型。主要内容有：生物修复常用的几种方法；每种方法的作用机理及在溢油生物修复中的应用；各种方法在应用中存在的问题、解决办法及最新研究动态。文章认为，溢油生物修复的理论基础有待进一步完善，未来的生物修复技术应是多种方法的有机融合。     

小分子有机碳源对滴滴涕污染沉积物生物修复作用的基础研究

考察了辽河沉积物p,p'-DDT在无外加碳源和外加乳酸钠或丙酸钠情况下的缺氧生的降解行为，降解过程中体系的pH变化，并测定了p,p'-DDT的主要缺氧降解产物及其浓度变化，结果表现，p,p'-DDT的缺氧脱氯行为符合准一级反应动力学，无外加碳源，DDT的缺氧脱氯降解有近一个月的滞后期，降解速率为k（无碳源）＝0.0082d^-1，而外加碳源物质，大大缩短了DDT缺氧脱氯降解的滞后，降解速率分别为k(乳酸钠）＝0.0917d^-1,k(丙酸钠）＝0.1023d^-1，而且，p,p'-DDT的缺氧还原脱氯行为主要发生在体系中pH上升的阶段，p-p'-DDT缺氧生物降解的主要产物是p,p'-DDD，并有少量的p,p'-DDE产生；p,p'-DDD主要发生在体系中pH上升的阶段，p,p'-DDT缺氧生物降解的主要产物是p,p'-DDD，并有少量的p,p'-DDE产生，p,p'-DDD在后期有降解。     

石油烃类污染土壤的生物修复技术研究进展

介绍了治理石油烃类污染土壤的各种生物修复技术——原位处理法、异位处理法(现场处理法、预制床法、堆制处理法、生物反应器、厌氧生物处理法)及植物修复技术的原理、研究、应用的最新进展；分析了生物修复技术的影响因素及未来的发展趋势。     

Impact of edible oil injection on the permeability of aquifer sands

Recent laboratory and field studies have shown that food-grade edible oils can be injected into the subsurface for installation of in-situ permeable reactive barriers. However to be effective, the oil must be distributed out away from the oil injection points without excessive permeability loss. In this work, we examine the distribution of soybean oil in representative aquifer sediments as non-aqueous phase liquid oil (NAPL oil) or as an oil-in-water emulsion. Laboratory columns packed with sands or clayey sands were flushed with either NAPL oil or a soybean emulsion followed by plain water, while monitoring permeability loss and the final oil residual saturation. NAPL oil can be injected into coarse-grained sands. However NAPL injection into finer grained sediments requires high injection pressures which may not be feasible at some sites. In addition, NAPL injection results in high oil residual saturations and moderate permeability losses. In contrast, properly prepared emulsions can be distributed through sands with varying clay content without excessive pressure buildup, low oil retention and very low to moderate permeability loss. For effective transport, the emulsion must be stable, the oil droplets must be significantly smaller than the mean pore size of the sediment and the oil droplets should have a low to moderate tendency to stick to each other and the aquifer sediments. In our work, oil retention and associated permeability loss increased with sediment clay content and with the ratio of droplet size to pore size. For sandy sediments, the permeability loss is modest (0-40% loss) and is proportional to the oil residual saturation.     

菌根生物修复技术在沈抚污水灌区的应用前景

本文简述了沈抚污水灌区遗留的主要环境问题———芳烃、挥发酚、重金属污染和盐渍化 ,并从菌根真菌的耐旱性、耐盐性、菌根及其根际微生物对重金属的吸收固定和对有机污染物的降解等四个方面 ,论述了菌根生物修复技术能针对性地解决沈抚污水灌区的主要环境问题 ,并展望了其在沈抚灌区的应用前景。     

景观水体的生物激活剂修复

采用由纯天然物质制成的生物激活剂Bio Oxidator^TM(BO)和Nutra Complex^TM(NC)对上海植物园兰室和牡丹园的湖水进行修复。结果表明，施用生物激活剂BO和NC对水体COD、BOD、TP、浊度等均有显著的去除效果。并可显著提升水体溶解氧。所用生物激活剂不含外来菌种，对动物和鱼类无毒性。与其他修复方法相比，该种水体修复技术具有易于操作、成本低、无二次污染等优点，在园林池塘、住宅小区的人工湖以及其它相对封闭或半封闭的水体修复方面，具有良好的推广应用前景。     

古廖涌黑臭水体生物修复及维护试验

利用生物氧化塘、底泥生物氧化、水体生物修复和河道生态恢复等技术，对广州市古廖涌黑臭水体进行治理．结果表明，在进水流量5000～8000m^3／d的高负荷工业废水和生活污水冲量下，通过生物治理，消除了水体黑臭现象，从上游到下游，水色由暗黄逐步转为黄、黄绿；在上游不断流入污水情况下，CODcr除去率达50％以上，NH3-N除去率为70％，H2S除去率达80％以上．从2003年8月到2004年3月，河道生物多样性逐步增加，先后出现枝角类、桡足类动物和鱼类．表明对于暂时无法截污的城郊河道，可以利用废弃的鱼塘、空地等对污水进行预处理，再通过上述措施和技术进行生物治理，可取得良好治理效果．本研究为城市黑臭河道，特别是暂时无法截污的城郊河道的治理和养护提供了一套切实可行的方法．图3参18     

黑臭河道生物修复中氧化塘应用研究

氧化塘技术是有机废水、特别是生活污水处理的有效手段,在城市黑臭河道治理中,对于暂时无法截污的城郊河道,利用废弃的鱼塘,将其改造成氧化塘,对上游污水进行预处理。研究表明,生物氧化塘对上游黑臭水体具有较高的处理效率,在污水进水量为4320t/d以内(即污水停留时间为1.4d以上,容积负荷为CODcr:0.11kg/(d·m3)以下),O2:15.6kg/h的增氧曝气条件下,CODcr除去率在50%以上,NH3-N除去率在40%以上,经处理的黑臭水体在氧化塘出水口已形成由藻类、原生动物、浮游动物、鱼类等参与的多级食物链组成的复杂生态系统。在黑臭水体预处理基础上,通过底泥生物氧化、水体增氧、水体生态恢复等技术手段,对河道进行生物修复,能有效地消除水体黑臭、提高河涌水体自净能力,为城市黑臭河涌治理和养护提供了切实可行的方法。     

Bioremediation of metal contamination

A study was initiated to evaluate the use of the fungus Aspergillus niger for bioleaching and then todetermine the effect of process steps, the tailingsconcentration and type of substrate. An oxidized miningtailing containing mainly copper (7240 mg kg^-1 tailings) was studied. A sucrose and mineral salts medium was initially used to produce citric and gluconic acids by A. niger atvarious concentrations of tailings (1, 5, 7, 10 and 15% w/v).Maximal removal of up to 60% of the copper was obtained forthe 5% tailings when the organic acid supernatant was addedto the tailings. In a single step process, A. niger wasthen grown in the presence of mining tailings at variousconcentrations. Maximum copper solubilization (63%) occurredwith 10% mining tailings using sucrose as the substrate.Other substrates were then evaluated including molasses, corncobs and brewery waste (10% mining tailings). Sucrose gavethe best results for copper removal, followed by molasses,corn cobs and brewery waste. Other experiments usingultrasound as a pretreatment showed that 80% removal of thecopper could be obtained for a 5% tailings concentration. Inconclusion, leaching of copper from mining tailings istechnically feasible using A. niger but furtherresearch will be required to increase the economic feasibilityof the process.