弹性填料微孔曝气生物膜法修复污染水源除NH4+-N

采用弹性填料微孔曝气生物接触氧化法对受污染的水源进行修复除NH₄⁺-N效果研究.结果表明,在正常水温20℃～27℃条件下,当污染水源COD_Mn7～14mg/L,NH₄⁺-N 0.7～2.0mg/L和生物修复工艺运行参数HRT为1.4h,气:水=0.5:1,DO为7～9mg/L时,生物修复工艺可去除水源中的NH₄⁺-N为64%～95%;在较低水温7℃～12℃条件下,当污染水源COD_Mn6～11mg/L,NH₄⁺-N 1.2～8.0mg/L和生物修复工艺运行参数HRT为1.4h,气:水=0.5:1,DO为8～10mg/L时,生物修复工艺可去除水源中的NH₄⁺-N为40%～63%.     

真菌-细菌协同修复石油污染土壤的场地试验

采用真菌-细菌微生物制剂对中原油田不同类型石油污染土壤进行原位修复小试和中试.第1期场地试验从2004-11-05～2005-03-07,共122 d,柴油、润滑油和石油的TPH降解率分别为61.0%、48.3%和38.3%.中试从2005-05-18～2005-11-03,共历时161 d.人工污染土壤、新鲜型石油污染土壤和陈旧型污染土壤的石油烃降解率分别达到75.0%、46.0%和56.6%,而对照组的降解率分别为15.7%、20.0%和28.0%.分析了修复过程中土壤中石油烃各组分含量的变化,结果表明真菌-细菌微生物制剂对饱和烃、芳烃、沥青胶质及非烃化合物均具有较好地降解能力.分别在修复后的人工污染、新鲜型污染和陈旧型污染地块种植小麦,产量分别为当地正常耕地产量的100%、57.2%和70.3%.本研究进一步证实了真菌-细菌协同修复石油烃污染耕地的可行性及其良好的应用前景.     

非离子型表面活性剂吐温80增溶条件下菲的生物降解

本实验的目的是研究非离子型表面活性剂吐温 80 (Tween 80 )对菲的溶解及生物降解过程的影响。结果表明 ,通过吐温 80促溶 ,菲在水中的溶解度有明显的提高。在与菲共同降解的过程中 ,吐温 80亦能作为碳源被降解微生物利用。但是 ,高浓度的吐温 80对菲的降解有一定的抑制作用 ,同时在菲的降解完成后造成较高的残留表面活性剂量和微生物量     

Perchlorate as an environmental contaminant

Perchlorate anion (ClO4-) has been found in drinking water supplies throughout the southwestern United States. It is primarily associated with releases of ammonium perchlorate by defense contractors, military operations, and aerospace programs. Ammonium perchlorate is used as a solid oxidant in missile and rocket propulsion systems. Traces of perchlorate are found in Chile saltpeter, but the use of such fertilizer has not been associated with large scale contamination. Although it is a strong oxidant, perchlorate anion is very persistent in the environment due to the high activation energy associated with its reduction. At high enough concentrations, perchlorate can affect thyroid gland functions, where it is mistakenly taken up in place of iodide. A safe daily exposure has not yet been set, but is expected to be released in 2002. Perchlorate is measured in environmental samples primarily by ion chromatography. It can be removed by anion exchange or membrane filtration. It is destroyed by some biological and chemical processes. The environmental occurrence, toxicity, analytical chemistry, and remediative approaches are discussed.     

污染水体的生物修复技术研究进展

详细介绍了污染水体生物修复技术的特点 ,综述了近年来国内外水体生物修复技术的研究和应用现状 ,并评述了水体生物修复技术存在的问题以及污染水体生物修复的发展方向     

中国富营养化湖泊的生物修复

描述了中国湖泊富营养化污染现状 ,论述了湖泊富营养化形成的机理、生物修复富营养化湖泊 (尤其是去除水体和底泥碳、氮、磷 )的理论依据 ;提出了修复湖泊富营养化的技术途径 ,阐明了笔者对机械清淤和生物修复各自具有的优势和缺陷的看法。     

天然水体环境温度对生物修复工艺除NH+4-N效果影响分析

采用弹性填料微孔曝气生物修复方法净化受污染的某饮用水源，探讨了天然水体环境温度变化对生物除NH4^ -N作用效果的影响。结果表明，水体环境温度对生物修复工艺除NH4^ －N作用影响很大，水温越高，生物修复工艺除NH4^ -N效果越好，在较低的水体环境温度下，水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH4^ －N作用效果影响最大；在日常水体环境温度下，水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH4^ -N作用效果影响最小；在水体环境温度较高条件下，水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH4^ －N作用效果影响较小。     

生物矿化在重金属污染治理领域的研究进展

生物矿化通过生物代谢影响金属及类金属物质的形态分布,进而改变金属及类金属物质的生物有效性及毒性,在环境污染治理领域成为研究热点.文献计量学结果显示,2007—2017年生物矿化研究以微生物为主要对象,在纳米颗粒物和矿区修复等方面形成热点,并在环境学、生物学、化学和工程学等领域形成交叉学科.结合典型矿化菌与重金属间的矿化关联规律和微界面反应对微生物矿化中重金属的钝化机制进行归纳:①依据矿化菌与矿化产物的关联性对矿化菌进行分类,从碳酸盐、铁锰氧化物、硫化物和磷酸盐4类矿化产物角度汇总了碳酸盐矿化菌、铁锰氧化菌、硫酸盐还原菌及磷酸盐溶解菌的代表微生物;②矿化菌通过诱导矿化的方式固定重金属离子,其中碳酸盐矿化菌、硫酸盐还原菌及磷酸盐溶解菌可以直接促进金属矿物的形成,铁锰氧化菌生成的矿物间接吸附金属离子;③微生物矿化是由外及内的过程,细胞壁及胞外多聚物具有丰富基团,在矿化初期提供吸附和成核位点,原生质体也可以提供矿化场所,在矿化中后期继续固定游离离子.但是,由于微生物复杂的细胞结构及独特的生理习性,矿化过程的微界面反应机制研究尚显不足,需要利用生物学、矿物学、环境科学等领域的先进技术进一步的探索;同时也应开展宏观生态水平的生物矿化研究,并结合实际问题完善生物矿化在环境污染治理中的理论,为重金属污染地区的治理提供新的思路和技术.      

Depolymerization of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by Penicillium spp. inhabit the phyllosphere of urban ornamental plants

A variety of anthropogenic sources release hazardous polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the phyllosphere which is an excellent niche for diverse fungi, and some of them have PAHs degradation capabilities. Therefore, this research attempted to determine the PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, naphthalene, and pyrene) degradation capability of phyllosphere inhabited Penicillium species. The leaf samples were collected from highly polluted urban areas (Panchikawatta, Pettah, Orugodawatta, Maradana, Sapugaskanda, and Colombo Fort) in Sri Lanka to isolate fungal species inhabiting the phyllosphere. Furthermore, their distribution patterns among the leaf tissue layers were studied using bright-field microscopic observations. Moreover, the best PAH degraders were screened out using plate assays and confirmed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Further, their enzymatic activities during the PAHs degradation were analyzed. As per the microscopic observations, the highest fungal distribution was in the upper epidermis of the leaves followed by the fungal distribution in the interspaces of palisade mesophyll layers. Out of isolated fungal species, two Penicillium spp. (Penicillium citrinum P₂₃B-91 and Penicillium griseofulvum P₉B - 30) showed the highest PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, naphthalene, and pyrene) degradation capabilities. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) enzyme dominated phenanthrene degradation in P. griseofulvum P₉B - 30, which showed the highest phenanthrene degradation ability (61%). In addition, P. citrinum P23B-91 was good at degrading anthracene (88%) and also displayed a higher MnP activity during the anthracene degradation than laccase and lignin peroxidase activities. The discoveries from the toxicity assay during the PAHs degradation processes revealed that the produced byproducts had no toxic effects on the fungal growth cycle and the phyllosphere. Therefore this phyllosphere Penicillium spp. are ideal for the bioremediation of polluted air in urbanized areas.     

Enhancing plant-microbe associated bioremediation of phenanthrene and pyrene contaminated soil by SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants

The use of surfactants to enhance plant-microbe associated dissipation in soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) is a promising bioremediation technology. This comparative study was conducted on the effects of plant-microbe treatment on the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene from contaminated soil, in the presence of low concentration single anionic, nonionic and anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and Tween 80 were chosen as representative anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. We found that mixed surfactants with concentrations less than 150 mg/kg were more effective in promoting plant-microbe associated bioremediation than the same amount of single surfactants. Only about(m/m) of mixed surfactants was needed to remove the same amount of phenanthrene and pyrene from either the planted or unplanted soils, when compared to Tween 80. Mixed surfactants( 150 mg/kg) better enhanced the degradation efficiency of phenanthrene and pyrene via microbe or plant-microbe routes in the soils. In the concentration range of 60–150 mg/kg, both ryegrass roots and shoots could accumulate 2–3 times the phenanthrene and pyrene with mixed surfactants than with Tween 80. These results may be explained by the lower sorption loss and reduced interfacial tension of mixed surfactants relative to Tween 80, which enhanced the bioavailability of PAHs in soil and the microbial degradation efficiency. The higher remediation efficiency of low dosage SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants thus advanced the technology of surfactant-enhanced plant-microbe associated bioremediation.