生物扰动对沉积物中重金属迁移转化影响的研究进展

沉积物是重金属在环境中迁移转化的重要媒介。生物扰动能改变沉积物的物理化学组成,从而影响沉积物中重金属的赋存形态和迁移转化特征。文章介绍了生物扰动的定义和种类,生物扰动的影响因素以及扰动过程中影响污染物释放的主要因素,并综述了近年来生物扰动对沉积物中重金属镉、铜、锌、铅和其他重金属的环境行为影响。     

生物扰动作用对河口沉积物中荧蒽去除的影响

通过室内微宇宙实验系统研究了天津厚蟹(Helice tientsinensis)和双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)生物扰动作用下河口沉积物中荧蒽的去除情况。实验结果显示,天津厚蟹扰动组中荧蒽的去除率显著高于沙蚕扰动组(P=0.05)和对照组(P=0.003),其中对表层(0~2 cm)和中层(3~5 cm)的促进效果最为显著;虽然各实验组表层沉积物中荧蒽的去除率均超过50%,但扰动组的去除更快,在36 d时就达最高去除率68%;双齿围沙蚕扰动组底层沉积物中荧蒽的去除率高于厚蟹扰动组和对照组,但差异不显著。研究表明表层沉积物中的荧蒽易去除,厚蟹生物扰动对荧蒽去除有显著促进作用;在距离表层5cm以下的沉积物中荧蒽的持久性增强,但生物扰动作用可促进其去除。     

底栖动物（苏氏尾鳃蚓Branchiura sowerbyi和椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei）对不同氮负荷程度沉积物脱氮的影响

沉积物-水界面的底栖动物的生物扰动对微生物反硝化和厌氧氨氧化过程具有重要影响.本研究在两种不同氮负荷程度系统中,比较两种扰动功能不同的底栖生物（苏氏尾鳃蚓Branchiura sowerbyi和椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei）的生物扰动对反硝化和厌氧氨氧化的影响以及沉积物-水系统中氮素的去除效果.结果表明,在负荷1和负荷2系统中,尾鳃蚓和螺促进沉积物反硝化菌丰度增加0.61~2.48倍,厌氧氨氧化菌丰度增加0.53~1.89倍,尾鳃蚓和螺促进系统氮去除量分别增加了16.64~32.18 mg和15.34~39.25 mg,其中负荷2系统中氮的去除量更大;尾鳃蚓的扰动促进上覆水的氮素（NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和TN）浓度提高了17.67%~230.54%,而螺对上覆水NO₃^--N和TN浓度没有显著影响;在负荷1和负荷2系统中, 螺组的厌氧氨氧化菌丰度都高于尾鳃蚓组, 且厌氧氨氧化菌所属的浮霉菌门相对丰度增加10.00%~15.12%.研究结果可为减缓淡水生态系统氮污染和富营养化水体修复提供参考和依据.     

菲律宾蛤仔养殖对胶州湾沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移的影响

通过培养实验测定了菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)DIN和PO34-的排泄率和生物扰动作用对胶州湾沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的影响,探讨了菲律宾蛤仔养殖对沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移的影响.研究表明,菲律宾蛤仔能够排泄DIN和PO34-,但其生物扰动能够改变沉积物中生物地球化学过程,减少排泄物中的DIN和PO34-向水体释放.在生物扰动作用下,菲律宾蛤仔排泄的DIN和PO34-中,仅有37%(DIN)和34%(PO34--P)最终释放到水体中.在考虑生物扰动作用的影响后,养殖菲律宾蛤仔每年从水体滤除的生源要素中仅有19%的氮和17%的磷以无机营养盐形态完成再生过程返回到水层中,其余部分以渔获量、生物难于利用形态或埋藏的沉积颗粒形态从水层中清除.菲律宾蛤仔生物扰动条件下沉积物向水层释放Si∶N∶P的速率比约为5∶18∶1,其中Si∶N和Si∶P比远低于菲律宾蛤仔从水体中滤除的颗粒物.因此菲律宾蛤仔养殖能够加速生物硅沉积,加剧胶州湾水体中Si限制.     

SEDIMENT DISPERSION IN SALMON SPAWNING STREAMS: THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODS AND SALMON REDD CONSTRUCTION1

ABSTRACT: Magnetically tagged particles were used to investigate the effects of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and floods on the dispersion of coarse bed material in the Stuart‐Takla region, British Columbia, Canada. The dominant annual sediment transporting event in the channels is the snowmelt flood events, with lesser activity usually accomplished during summer floods. Annually in August, the channel bed material is reworked by the Early Stuart sockeye salmon spawning, as the fish excavate the streambed to deposit and bury their eggs. These nesting cavities are called redds. Results from 67 tracer recovery experiments over five years were highly variable, subject to the magnitude of floods and the returning population of salmon. Overall, the depositional pattern from nival flood events usually demonstrated a high degree of clast mobilization, long travel distances (up to 150 m), and mean depths of burial up to 18 cm. Summer flood events showed somewhat lower rates of mobilization, distances of travel, and depths of burial. Although the fish did not move the tracers very far, their effect on the bed was generally quite pervasive ‐ up to 100 percent of the clasts were mobilized, and the depth of burial was considerable (mean burial depths up to 14 cm). The amount of vertical mixing of sediment by salmon was often on the same order of magnitude as flood events. The significant vertical mixing of sediments by the fish has important implications for the mobility of sediment in the stream. Since any armoring layer formed during high flows throughout the year is subject to the bioturbation of salmon, this suggests that the transport threshold in the creeks remains relatively low. Salmon likely play an integral role in the sediment transport dynamics and annual sediment budget of the lower reaches of these creeks.     

Animal Burrowing Attributes Affecting Hazardous Waste Management

/ Animal burrowing is critical to the formation of soils and contributes to the interface between geological materials and organic life. It also influences the management of hazardous materials at nuclear waste facilities and elsewhere. For example, residues and waste products from the production of nuclear weapons are released onto the ground surface and within engineered burial structures. Soil bioturbation has exposed radionuclides and other hazardous materials to wind and rain, thereby risking inhalation and injury to humans and wildlife on and off site. Soil bioturbation can expand soil depths and spatial distributions of the source term of hazardous waste, potentially increasing chronic exposures to wildlife and humans over the long term. Ample evidence indicates that some of the large quantities of hazardous materials around the world have been released from soil repositories, where they have also contaminated and harmed biota. Key burrowing parameters influencing these outcomes include the catalog of resident species, and their abundance, typical burrow volumes (void space created by soil displacement), burrow depth profiles, maximum depth of excavation, constituents and structural qualities of excavated soil mounds, and proportion of the ground covered by excavated soil. Other important parameters include rate of mound construction, depth of den chambers, and volume of burrow backfill. Soil bioturbation compromised the integrity of some hazardous waste management systems using soil, but the environmental impact remains largely unknown. Designers and operators of waste management facilities, as well as risk assessors, need to understand how burrowing animals influence hazardous waste storage.KEY WORDS: Burrowing; Environmental impact; Radioactivity; Risk; Soil bioturbation; Hazardous waste     

三角帆蚌对白洋淀底泥氮磷释放及微生物的影响探究

为了解三角帆蚌对白洋淀底泥的影响,以白洋淀淀区水和底泥为试验材料,通过室内模拟试验并结合16S rRNA高通量测序技术,考察了三角帆蚌的活动对底泥氮、磷释放以及微生物丰度和多样性的影响.结果表明:①三角帆蚌的生物扰动作用显著提高了底泥氮、磷的释放,上覆水中TN、NH₃-N和TP浓度分别提高了0.18、1.1和1.2倍,颗粒态NH₃-N和可溶性磷浓度的增加是上覆水中NH₃-N、TP浓度增加的主要来源.②三角帆蚌的生物扰动作用轻微提高了上覆水中COD_Cr的浓度（P < 0.05）,并降低了底泥中全氮、全磷的含量,将底泥中全氮、全磷的削减率分别提高了26.0%和10.9%,底泥氮、磷释放规律的不同是导致全氮削减率高于全磷的主要原因.③三角帆蚌的活动可显著降低水中蓝细菌的数量,为其他微生物提供了更多生态位,从而提高了脱氮除磷功能菌丰度和微生物多样性,但是三角帆蚌对底泥中微生物丰度和多样性影响较小.研究显示,三角帆蚌能极大地促进白洋淀底泥氮、磷释放,同时降低内源污染风险,并提高上覆水脱氮除磷功能菌丰度和微生物多样性,可依据实际情况用于白洋淀湿地修复中.      

泥鳅对水田上覆水中氮素动态的生物扰动效应

基于模拟试验,通过对比分析氮素含量在有/无泥鳅活动时的差异,探讨了底栖鱼类对水田上覆水中氮素动态的生物扰动效应.结果表明,泥鳅对水田上覆水中氮素动态具有强烈的扰动作用.泥鳅扰动组上覆水中氨氮和硝态氮含量在整个试验期间均高于对照组.泥鳅扰动对上覆水中亚硝态氮含量的影响未表现出明显的规律性,但显著增加了溶解性无机氮和总氮的含量.在试验前期扰动组上覆水中氨氮/总氮比值高于对照组,在试验中、后期则低于对照组.试验期间扰动组上覆水中溶解性无机氮/总氮比值明显高于对照组,说明泥鳅扰动显著增加了水田上覆水中溶解性无机氮占总氮的比例.     

水丝蚓生物扰动对沉积物磷释放的影响

研究了不同投放密度和不同环境条件下水丝蚓的生物扰动对沉积物磷释放的影响.研究表明,水丝蚓的生物扰动作用对沉积物磷释放有明显的促进作用,与未投放水丝蚓的空白组相比,当水丝蚓密度为1 ind./cm2和2 ind./cm2时,上覆水中总磷的平均浓度分别提高了190%和230%.温度的提高,会加大水丝蚓生物扰动对磷释放的影响...     

摇蚊幼虫与霍普水丝蚓扰动对河流沉积物中氮、磷、氧释放的影响

定量研究河床沉积物中的生物扰动对污染物的影响效应,对于维护河流健康具有重要的理论指导作用.基于室内实验模拟摇蚊和霍普水丝蚓对河床沉积物的扰动过程,研究两种生物扰动作用对沉积物中氮、磷释放以及生物扰动对上覆水中溶解氧的影响.在相同的沉积物环境中分别放入单一物种,实验结果显示,相对于空白组,摇蚊幼虫组的上覆水中氨氮、总氮、总磷平均净增量分别为2.32、0.787、0.105 mg · L^-1,霍普水丝蚓组的氨氮、总氮、总磷平均净增量分别为0.72、0.462、0.063 mg · L^-1,表明摇蚊幼虫和霍普水丝蚓的扰动作用均能促进沉积物中氨氮、总氮、总磷向上覆水中的释放,且摇蚊幼虫对污染物释放的作用效果比水丝蚓更明显;当摇蚊幼虫和水丝蚓混合放入后,摇蚊幼虫对沉积物中氨氮、总氮、总磷释放起主要促进作用;在混合实验组(摇蚊23条,霍普水丝蚓47条)中,氨氮、总氮、总磷的平均净增量均低于单一物种的摇蚊组和水丝蚓组,表明在该组中,摇蚊幼虫和霍普水丝蚓在沉积物中共同扰动作用对氮、磷释放的促进效果减弱;对上覆水中溶解氧浓度而言,摇蚊所占比例越高,溶解氧浓度就越低,且上覆水中的溶解氧浓度变化,会影响生物扰动对沉积物氮、磷释放的效果.