高原高寒污水处理系统的微生物群落特征

为研究高原高寒污水处理系统活性污泥的微生物群落结构及多样性,以拉萨、云南、四川的3座高原污水厂作为实验组,同时以重庆2座非高原污水厂作为对照,采用PCR-DGGE技术对比分析了高原与非高原污水厂的微生物特性.研究表明：高原污水厂样品与非高原样品在聚类中展现出了较为疏远的关系,微生物群落区别明显.受强紫外线辐照的抑制,高原高寒污水处理系统微生物多样性的平均水平显著低于非高原污水厂,较低的微生物多样性是导致高原高寒地区污染物去除效果不佳的一项重要原因.群落构成方面,共鉴定出16个优势菌属,对应Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes、Verrucomicrobia 4个门.组间差异分析结果发现,高原组中丰度显著偏高的菌属只有Prosthecobacter,该菌在污水厂内分布广泛,且能够适应高原低温的条件.对于大多数活性污泥微生物而言,高原强紫外线是不利的生存条件.因此,减少高原露天污水处理系统的紫外辐照,是提升污水处理效能的一个潜在措施.     

排水管道沉积物微生物群落及环境因子分析

选取北京市某区的排水管道沉积物进行取样,采用高通量测序手段分析,结果表明变形菌门、广古菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门是排水管道沉积物微生物中的优势门类;在纲水平上,δ-变形菌纲、甲烷微菌纲、梭菌纲、拟杆菌纲占相对优势;在属水平上,功能性微生物硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）和产甲烷古菌（MA）普遍存在于各处管道.在所选的6段管段中,管段S3、S4处MA的相对丰度分别为20.6%、40.8%,高于其他管段,厌氧产甲烷的潜能较大,有发生可燃气积累的风险;管段S5、S6处的SRB相对丰度分别为9.14%、8.19%,高于其他管段,硫酸盐还原为硫化物的潜能较大,存在管道腐蚀的风险.RDA分析表明污水的DO、水温、硫酸根、TN与管道沉积物中微生物群落存在相关性.     

Identification of potential electrotrophic microbial community in paddy soils by enrichment of microbial electrolysis cell biocathodes

Electrotrophs are microbes that can receive electrons directly from cathode in a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). They not only participate in organic biosynthesis, but also be crucial in cathode-based bioremediation. However, little is known about the electrotrophic community in paddy soils. Here, the putative electrotrophs were enriched by cathodes of MECs constructed from five paddy soils with various properties using bicarbonate as an electron acceptor, and identified by 16S rRNA-gene based Illumina sequencing. The electrons were gradually consumed on the cathodes, and 25%–45% of which were recovered to reduce bicarbonate to acetic acid during MEC operation. Firmicutes was the dominant bacterial phylum on the cathodes, and Bacillus genus within this phylum was greatly enriched and was the most abundant population among the detected putative electrotrophs for almost all soils. Furthermore, several other members of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria may also participate in electrotrophic process in different soils. Soil pH, amorphous iron and electrical conductivity significantly influenced the putative electrotrophic bacterial community, which explained about 33.5% of the community structural variation. This study provides a basis for understanding the microbial diversity of putative electrotrophs in paddy soils, and highlights the importance of soil properties in shaping the community of putative electrotrophs.     

Responses of nitrification performance, triclosan resistome and diversity of microbes to continuous triclosan stress in activated sludge system

Triclosan(TCS) is commonly found in wastewater treatment plants,which often affects biological treatment processes.The responses of nitrification,antibiotic resistome and microbial community under different TCS concentrations in activated sludge system were evaluated in this study.The experiment was conducted in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR)for 240 days.Quantitative PCR results demonstrated that the abundance of ammonium oxidizing bacteria could be temporarily inhibited by 1 mg/L TCS and then gradually recovered.And the abundances of nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB) under 2.5 and 4 mg/L TCS were three orders of magnitude lower than that of seed sludge,which accounted for partial nitrification.When the addition of TCS was stopped,the abundance of NOB increased.The mass balance experiments of TCS demonstrated that the primary removal pathway of TCS changed from adsorption to biodegradation as TCS was continuously added into the SBR system.Moreover,TCS increased the abundance of mexB,indicating the efflux pump might be the main TCS-resistance mechanism.As a response to TCS,bacteria could secrete more protein(PN) than polysaccharide.Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix revealed that tryptophan PN-like substances might be the main component in PN to resist TCS.High-throughput sequencing found that the relative abundances of Paracoccus,Pseudoxanthomonas and Thauera increased,which could secrete extracellular polymeric substances(EPS).And Sphingopyxis might be the main TCS-degrading bacteria.Overall,TCS could cause partial nitrification and increase the relative abundances of EPS-secreting bacteria and TCS-degrading bacteria.     

Metabolomic modulations in a freshwater microbial community exposed to the fungicide azoxystrobin

An effective broad-spectrum fungicide, azoxystrobin (AZ), has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems, potentially affecting the growth of aquatic microorganisms. In the present study, the eukaryotic alga Monoraphidium sp. and the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena sp. were exposed to AZ for 7 days. Our results showed that 0.2–0.5 mg/L concentrations of AZ slightly inhibited the growth of Monoraphidium sp. but stimulated Pseudanabaena sp. growth. Meanwhile, AZ treatment effectively increased the secretion of total organic carbon (TOC) in the culture media of the two species, and this phenomenon was also found in a freshwater microcosm experiment (containing the natural microbial community). We attempted to assess the effect of AZ on the function of aquatic microbial communities through metabolomic analysis and further explore the potential risks of this compound. The metabonomic profiles of the microcosm indicated that the most varied metabolites after AZ treatment were related to the citrate cycle (TCA), fatty acid biosynthesis and purine metabolism. We thereby inferred that the microbial community increased extracellular secretions by adjusting metabolic pathways, which might be a stress response to reduce AZ toxicity. Our results provide an important theoretical basis for further study of fungicide stress responses in aquatic microcosm microbial communities, as well as a good start for further explorations of AZ detoxification mechanisms, which will be valuable for the evaluation of AZ environmental risk.     

生态调控后贵州花溪水库浮游植物群落结构的变化特征及影响因素

为了解生态调控后花溪水库浮游植物功能群变化特征与环境因子的关系,基于浮游植物功能群、NMDS（非度量多维尺度分析）、RDA（冗余分析）、Pearson相关性分析方法,于2017年3月-2018年3月逐月对浮游植物群落结构与水环境指标进行采样分析.结果表明:①生态调控前,花溪水库共鉴定浮游植物4门18种,共归类出10个功能群,且功能群H1占绝对优势,其代表藻种为水华束丝藻（Aphanizomenon flosaquae）;生态调控后,共鉴定浮游植物6门66种,共归类出20个功能群,主要优势功能群为B/Lo,其代表藻种为小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）和多甲藻（Peridinium sp.）.②生态调控后,花溪水库优势功能群结构发生了变化,其变化特征为B/Lo（春季）→D/B/Lo/X2/N/P（夏季）→D/B/Lo/N（秋季）→D/MP/B/Lo/W1/W2（冬季）.功能群B的生物量在春季达到峰值（3 056.3 μg/L）,与其对低营养环境有良好的耐受性有关;功能群Lo的生物量在秋季达到峰值（2 900.9 μg/L）,与组成功能群Lo的甲藻特性有关.③RDA结果表明,生态调控前影响浮游植物生长的环境因子为SD（透明度）、ρ（DIN）（DIN为无机氮）;生态调控后影响浮游植物生长的环境因子为WT（水温）、ρ（DO）、ρ（DIN）.研究显示,生态调控后花溪水库功能群结构发生了明显变化,影响功能群变化的主要环境因子为WT和ρ（DO）.      

洞庭湖区南汉垸水体浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因素

环境要素的变化对浮游植物的群落结构和功能具有重要影响.为揭示洞庭湖南汉垸湖区浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因素,分别于2017年11月（关泵封水期）和2018年6月（开泵放水期）在洞庭湖区典型堤垸——南汉垸进行了采样调查,并对调查区域内的浮游植物及主要水环境因子进行了系统监测和分析.结果表明:①调查期间共检出浮游植物8门62属,主要隶属于绿藻门（Chlorophyta）、硅藻门（Bacillariophyta）和蓝藻门（Cyanophyta）,浮游植物分布表现出较为显著的时间差异性,11月浮游植物的丰度为8.34×106~3.02×108 L-1,6月为1.13×106~2.04×107 L-1.②Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H'）介于1.10~3.24之间,Margalef丰富度指数（d）介于1.42~6.40之间,Pielou均匀度指数（J）介于0.48~0.87之间,多样性评价表明,南汉垸整体上介于轻污染与β-中污染之间,局部采样点为α-中污染.③PCA（主成分分析）结果表明,ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）和ρ（NH₄+-N）为南汉垸水体的主要污染因子.④RDA（冗余分析）结果表明,南汉垸浮游植物群落结构分布与pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）及ρ（TN）呈正相关,与WT（水温）呈负相关.研究显示,南汉垸水体介于轻污染与β-中污染之间,营养状态及浮游植物群落结构在时间上差异较大.      

芳纶纤维对飞机尾翼结构抗鸟撞性能影响研究

目的研究飞机尾翼结构采用芳纶纤维复合材料的抗鸟撞性能。方法根据芳纶纤维夹芯和芳纶纤维层合板两种飞机尾翼前缘构型,分别建立有限元模型进行仿真计算,分析两种构型鸟撞后的损伤和变形,并对两种构型进行抗鸟撞性能研究试验。结果芳纶夹芯前缘构型前缘凹陷,前梁没有破裂;芳纶层合板前缘构型前缘破裂,前梁有破损。试验结果与仿真分析结果高度吻合。结论芳纶夹芯前缘构型比芳纶层合板前缘构型具有更好的抗鸟撞性能。芳纶纤维层合板构型会造成前缘蒙皮变形过大,前梁腹板破损,导致飞机鸟撞后维修成本较高。     

高原湖泊沉积物中反硝化微生物的群落特征——以包头南海湖为例

为了探明内蒙古高原富营养化城市湖泊中nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的特异性,利用特异性功能基因nirS对包头市南海湖的表层沉积物进行反硝化细菌多样性测定,在分析各采样点沉积物理化指标的基础上,对各样品中nirS型反硝化细菌群落和多样性进行研究.结果表明,南海湖沉积物Shannon指数变化为3.07~3.41,相比于其他研究,反硝化微生物多样性相对较低.参与反硝化的优势菌属与大多数湖泊保持一致,以假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和红杆菌属（Rhodobacter）为主.冗余分析（RDA）指出,城市湖泊中的各种类型的污染物对反硝化优势菌属有明显的促进作用,红杆菌属（Rhodobacter）与硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮呈正相关,假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）除受硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮的影响外,还与总磷呈较强的正相关.南海湖nirS型反硝化细菌中的主要菌属促进了反硝化作用,加速了南海湖氮素的去除.     

不同基质生物炭对厌氧处理餐厨垃圾效能及微生态的影响

探究了剩余污泥（SS）、餐厨垃圾（FW）、玉米芯（CC）、甘蔗渣（BG）4种不同基质生物炭对厌氧生物处理餐厨垃圾效能的影响,对厌氧污泥的关键酶活性、微生物群落分布以及代谢途径等微生态进行了分析.结果表明,厌氧反应器分别加入4种生物炭后,COD平均去除率分别提高了29.49%、23.16%、29.42%、40.32%;傅里叶红外分析表明,投加SS生物炭组出水中羟基、酰胺基以及C-O-C伸缩振动峰减弱.4个厌氧反应器中厌氧污泥的乙酸激酶活性分别为0.40,0.42,0.96,0.98 μmol/g,表明投加CC与BG生物炭促进了餐厨垃圾的厌氧水解酸化过程;厌氧污泥胞外聚合物的蛋白质/多糖之比分别为0.415、0.56、1.89、2.8,投加CC、BG生物炭提高了污泥的稳定性.4个厌氧反应器中拟杆菌门、变形菌门、厚壁菌门为主要菌群,投加BG生物炭促进了变形菌门与厚壁菌门的生长;对于古细菌而言,甲烷杆菌属与甲烷丝菌属为优势种群,SS组的甲烷杆菌属丰度最高（53.48%）,而BG组中甲烷丝菌属丰度最高（42.72%）.KEGG功能分析表明古菌及细菌均以碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢为主;而投加BG与SS生物炭后,微生物膜运输水平得到了提高.