城市水体微塑料垂向分布下附着细菌群落结构和功能响应

微塑料作为环境微生物的附着载体已经引起了世界范围内的广泛关注.然而,水环境中微塑料往往呈现垂向分布特征,附着的细菌群落结构和功能是否会随之产生变化仍少见报道.因此,选取了水环境中常见的微塑料聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)为研究对象,通过野外水体垂向暴露,结合高通量测序技术,探究微塑料垂向分布下附着的细菌群落结构变化和功能表达响应.结果表明,相较于PVC微塑料,附着于PET微塑料上的细菌群落α多样性更高;随着暴露水深的增加,附着于PET和PVC两种介质的细菌群落丰富度和多样性均随之增加,且深水条件下(90 cm),附着于两种微塑料的细菌α多样性指数均明显高于其在30 cm和60 cm的值.蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门(Protobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)为PET和PVC附着细菌群落的优势物种.进一步分析发现,深水环境明显改变了附着于微塑料的细菌群落结构.相关功能预测表明,嘧啶代谢、氨基糖和核苷酸糖的代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢和酰胺生物合成代谢功能表达与水深深度呈正相关性;深水条件...     

添加生物炭对琼北地区双季稻田生物固氮的影响

生物固氮有助于植物对土壤中有效氮的利用,减少农业生态系统中无机氮肥的使用.生物炭可以通过其特殊物理结构调节土壤理化性质,提高土壤微生物的丰度和活性,然而关于生物炭对水稻土生物固氮方面的研究并未深入了解.试验共设置3个处理：施磷钾肥对照（CK）、当地常规施肥处理（CON）和常规处理配施20 t·hm^-2生物炭（B）,采用qPCR和高通量测序分析固氮基因（nifH）的丰度和群落结构变化,探讨生物炭添加对琼北地区双季稻田土壤固氮微生物的影响.结果表明,相比CK和CON处理,添加生物炭提高了土壤pH和土壤有机碳（SOC）含量以及作物产量.同时nifH基因丰度与土壤pH和SOC呈显著正相关.与CK处理相比,添加生物炭处理增加了nifH基因丰度以及显著改变了早稻季土壤固氮微生物的群落结构,常规施肥处理减少了nifH基因丰度而对固氮微生物群落影响相对较小.施用生物炭使固氮微生物群落优势属发生了变化,地杆菌属（Geobacter）、嗜糖假单胞菌属（Pelomonas）、固氮螺菌属（Azospirillum）、厌氧粘细菌属（Anaeromyxobacter）和铁氧化细菌属（Sideroxydans）等是所有处理中的优势菌属.相比CK处理,生物炭处理显著增加了嗜糖假单胞菌属的相对丰度,而常规施肥处理增加了地杆菌属的相对丰度.结果表明,生物炭添加具有一定的减肥潜力,为减少琼北地区稻田氮肥施用,提高氮肥利用率提供了理论依据.     

双氧水协同生化法强化处理印染废水

传统生化法对印染废水的处理有一定的局限性.本文研究了双氧水协同水解酸化-接触氧化系统,对印染废水进行强化处理.采用污泥挂膜、生化系统启动、双氧水协同启动的方法,将双氧水投加到水解酸化时的条件严格控制为:投加3m L·L~(-1)、投加量100.0 m L、流速0.67 m L·min-1、投加频率1次·d-1,可使整个系统成功启动与稳定运行.实验结果表明,双氧水协同水解酸化-接触氧化可对印染废水中的特征污染物进行有效强化处理.其中,COD平均去除率为89.8%,氨氮平均去除率为96.7%,PVA平均去除率为87.4%,废水平均脱色率为92.1%.采用16S rDNA宏基因组高通量测序技术,对比分析了接种种泥、水解酸化污泥和接触氧化污泥微生物的群落结构.结果表明,经过驯化,水解酸化和接触氧化微生物群落均发现了显著变化.其中,水解酸化污泥优势菌门主要为变形菌门Proteobacteria、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes和疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia;接触氧化污泥优势菌门主要为浮霉菌门Planctomycetes、变形菌门Proteobacteria和酸杆菌门Acidobacteria.该实验从宏观和微观角度,均证实双氧水协同生化法强化处理印染废水具有技术可行性.     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

海湾型城市定位对湛江城市发展的影响分析

论文通过空间分析,指出了湛江(城市范围)所具有的典型海湾特性及其基本的空间结构特征,认为湛江城市发展与湛江湾的存在密不可分,而湛江湾的存在又与湛江群岛的关系极为密切,湛江海湾城市最大的特点就是先有岛,再有湾,后有港和城,把湛江定位为海湾型城市符合湛江城市发展的自然本底性质。文章重点就此定位对湛江城市发展可能造成的影响进行了分析,认为,海湾型城市定位可以提高湛江海湾资源的禀赋,有效促进湛江城市的一体化统筹发展。同时,有助于在湛江工业大发展时期到来之际,加强海湾生态环境的保护。最后就如何建设湛江海湾城市提出了一点框架性的思考。     

保定市工业废水对白洋淀微型生物群落的生态毒性

以白洋淀PFU(PolyurethaneFoamUnit)微型生物群落为种源(epicenter),评价上游工业废水的生态毒性.结果表明,在反映原生动物群集过程的3个参数Seq、G和T90%中,Seq与工业废水体积分数(φ)呈负相关.根据其回归方程Seq=42.22857-0.33374φ(R2=0.9042,P<0.01)推算出工业废水的效应浓度EC5、EC20和EC50,分别为6.3%、25.3%和65.2%.以此确定上游工业废水对白洋淀微型生物群落的无效应浓度为6.3%,最大允许浓度(MATC)为25.3%.图3表2参19     

Compensatory Mitigation for Streams Under the Clean Water Act: Reassessing Science and Redirecting Policy1

Doyle, Martin W. and F. Douglas Shields, 2012. Compensatory Mitigation for Streams Under the Clean Water Act: Reassessing Science and Redirecting Policy. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 494-509. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00631.x Abstract: Current stream restoration science is not adequate to assume high rates of success in recovering ecosystem functional integrity. The physical scale of most stream restoration projects is insufficient because watershed land use controls ambient water quality and hydrology, and land use surrounding many restoration projects at the time of their construction, or in the future, do not provide sufficient conditions for functional integrity recovery. Reach scale channel restoration or modification has limited benefits within the broader landscape context. Physical habitat variables are often the basis for indicating success, but are now increasingly seen as poor surrogates for actual biological function; the assumption “if you build it they will come” lacks support of empirical studies. If stream restoration is to play a continued role in compensatory mitigation under the United States Clean Water Act, then significant policy changes are needed to adapt to the limitations of restoration science and the social environment under which most projects are constructed. When used for compensatory mitigation, stream restoration should be held to effectiveness standards for actual and measurable physical, chemical, or biological functional improvement. To achieve improved mitigation results, greater flexibility may be required for the location and funding of restoration projects, the size of projects, and the restoration process itself.     

“Liberating” social knowledges for water management,and more broadly environmental management,through “place-change planning”

In response to the big policy problem of increasing failures of traditional, largely technical, policy approaches to constructively address transformational or radical socio-environmental problems from major facility siting, landscape modification, and/or new environmental management at the local level, this paper introduces “place-change planning”. This concept is applied to recent calls by Australian water scientists and policy-makers “to liberate the knowledge, skills and individual leadership and collaboration of all stakeholders to reflect a more decentralised, disaggregated and localised water world”. Local community stakeholders appear the most neglected stakeholder currently in such water management, despite increasing international recognition of their importance for constructive change in transitional sustainability contexts. As such, place-change policy design focuses on the importance of collaborative participatory approaches for better understanding of the underlying rationalities, and, by association, of better liberating the social knowledges, of place-based local communities for better policy input to realise new visions of sustainable water management, and beyond.     

房地产开发项目环境影响评价有关问题探讨--以住宅小区建设项目为例

房地产开发项目的环境影响评价方法与污染型工业项目以及非污染生态影响型项目的评价方法均有所不同.本文以住宅小区建设项目环评为例,从评价标准的选择、评价重点和景观生态评价三个方面,对该类项目的环境影响评价方法和有关问题进行了探讨.     

南水北调东线水源核心区浮游植物多样性状况与评价研究

分别于2013年4月、8月、10月和2014年1月对南水北调东线水源核心区河流浮游植物群落结构、浮游植物密度进行调查,并利用多样性指数进行水质评价.区域共检出浮游植物5门34科67属118种,春秋两季物种数较多,夏冬两季物种数较少.优势种为蓝藻门小席藻( Phormidium.tenue)、绿藻门小球藻( Chlorella.pyrenoidosa)、硅藻门变异直链藻( Melosira.varians).区域浮游植物密度为3.5 ×105 cells/L,Shannon-wiener指数为2.32,Margalef指数为1.06,Pielou均匀度指数为0.54,水质为寡污-中污水平.