高通量测序研究酒精废水治理中厌氧活性污泥的微生物菌群

厌氧消化是治理酒精生产废水的主要技术,本实验基于Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序研究了厌氧活性污泥的微生物菌群,在属(genus)水平上分析了污泥中细菌和古菌的种类和相对丰度,探讨了细菌和古菌的功能.结果表明:高温厌氧活性污泥(TAS)中相对丰度≥1.0%的细菌属有10个,包括Coprothermobacter、Longilinea、Levilinea等,它们的主要功能是分解蛋白质、代谢碳水化合物生成有机酸、乙酸氧化、硫酸盐还原.中温厌氧活性污泥(MAS)中相对丰度≥1.0%的细菌属有21个,包括Acinetobacter、Succinibibrio、Meniscus、Longilinea等,它们的主要功能是代谢碳水化合物生成有机酸、脂肪酸和有机酸氧化、分解结构顽固化合物.TAS中古菌属主要是产甲烷古菌Methanosaeta、Methanobacterium和Methanothermbacter,它们的相对丰度分别为57.72%,28.35%和9.90%.MAS中古菌属主要是产甲烷古菌Methanobacterium、Methanosarcina、Methanosaeta和Methanosphaera,它们的相对丰度分别为33.21%、23.70%、16.63%和11.77%.高通量测序研究充分展示了厌氧活性污泥的微生物菌群,可为阐释酒精废水治理中厌氧消化技术的生物机制及其技术改良提供参考.     

基于PLFA法分析亚硝氮、硝氮和氨氮对厌氧微生物细菌群落的影响

利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术研究了亚硝氮、硝氮和氨氮在不同浓度水平下对中温厌氧颗粒污泥中厌氧细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,高浓度亚硝氮(360 mg·L-1,以N计)、硝氮(300 mg·L-1,以N计)和氨氮(3000 mg·L-1,以N计)使系统COD去除率分别下降至3.49%、10.85%和71.53%,并使污泥表面主要细菌由杆菌变为球状菌;亚硝氮和硝氮引起厌氧细菌和革兰氏阳性菌的含量下降,氨氮引起革兰氏阴性菌的含量下降;PLFA香农-威尔多样性指数随着亚硝氮和硝氮浓度的升高从1.12分别下降至0.96和1.03,氨氮对PLFA香农-威尔多样性指数无明显影响.     

基于流体分离污泥的异质性:微生物活性和群落结构

生物流化床处理系统中的剩余污泥如果能够被识别为老化的污泥和高活性的污泥,并通过某一种物理方法加以原位分离,则有可能提高生物处理的效率.本文以构造流体力场实现基于比重分布不同污泥组分的分离,得到聚结型污泥与离散型污泥,考察了两种污泥在胞外聚合物、微生物活性和微生物群落结构方面的差异,并与降解活性相关联,以证明异质性的存在.研究发现:活性污泥这种异质性的存在归因于离散型污泥中的胞外聚合物含量高,亲水性更强,比重更小;聚结型污泥在基质利用效率、比耗氧速率方面优于离散型污泥;在废水生物处理系统的污泥中,聚结型污泥较离散型污泥具有微生物群落结构分布上的优势,种群丰度更高.研究结果证明了聚结型污泥和离散型污泥内部菌胶团存在着功能上的差异,前者是应该被保留的活性组分,后者应该作为剩余污泥加以分离排出.     

最大熵(Maxent)模型在物种栖息地研究中的应用

最大熵(Maxent)模型是以生态位理论为基础的新兴研究领域,它通过有限的物种分布点数据及其相关的环境信息组成训练样本,利用基于数据驱动的机器学习理论分析推算出物种的生态需求,然后将运算结果投射至不同的时间和空间中预测物种的潜在分布和实际分布.近年来,该模型在生态学和生物多样性保护等研究中越发重要,文章介绍了Maxent模型的基本原理,从物种栖息地需求分析、气候变化对物种分布的影响、物种入侵监测以及自然保护区的选择和规划设计等方面阐述Maxent模型在物种栖息地研究中的应用.     

生物质炭对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯污染土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响

在邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)污染的不同类型土壤(有机质含量低的新垦红壤、有机质含量高的熟化红壤)中添加不同种类(稻草炭、毛竹炭)以及不同用量(0%、0.5%和2%)的生物质炭,温室种植上海青并在56 d后采集土样,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)考察了土壤类型、生物质炭种类以及用量对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明:对细菌、真菌及微生物总PLFA这三者的含量而言,熟化红壤显著(p0.05)高于新垦红壤,熟化红壤中添加2%稻草炭使其显著(p0.05)增加,新垦红壤中添加毛竹炭使其显著(p0.05)降低.新垦红壤中添加2%稻草炭对革兰氏阴性菌/革兰氏阳性菌比值的增加效果最显著(p0.05),添加2%毛竹炭对土壤微生物群落Shannon指数的降低效果最显著(p0.05).添加2%稻草炭对DBP污染土壤中微生物压力指数降低效果最显著(p0.05).生物质炭对熟化红壤中真菌/细菌、革兰氏阴性菌/革兰氏阳性菌及微生物群落Shannon指数均无显著影响.PCA分析表明,土壤有机质含量以及生物质炭的种类和用量均会对土壤微生物群落结构产生一定影响,且生物质炭的影响与土壤有机质含量密切相关.     

Man in the Light of Current Ecological Problems

The interaction of man and nature is considered in terms of classical ecology, which is becoming a synthetic systemic science based on a set of other sciences. The divisions of modern human ecology that deal with different organizational levels of ecological systems have been developed to different degrees. Attention is given to the necessity of discrediting the mechanistic concept of opposition between man and nature and taking into account the specific ecological functions of man related to group adaptation (culture), as well as the global role of all living organisms in the maintenance of environmental conditions on Earth.     

Latent Extinction and Invasion Risk of Crayfishes in the Southeastern United States

Abstract: Crayfishes are both a highly imperiled invertebrate group as well as one that has produced many invasive species, which have negatively affected freshwater ecosystems throughout the world. We performed a trait analysis for 77 crayfishes from the southeastern United States in an attempt to understand which biological and ecological traits make these species prone to imperilment or invasion, and to predict which species may face extinction or become invasive in the future. We evaluated biological and ecological traits with principal coordinate analysis and classification trees. Invasive and imperiled crayfishes occupied different positions in multivariate trait space, although crayfishes invasive at different scales (extraregional vs. extralimital) were also distinct. Extraregional crayfishes (large, high fecundity, habitat generalists) were most distinct from imperiled crayfishes (small, low fecundity, habitat specialists), thus supporting the “two sides of the same coin” hypothesis. Correct classification rates for assignment of crayfishes as invasive or imperiled were high (70–80%), even when excluding the highly predictive but potentially confounding trait of range size (75–90%). We identified a number of species that, although not currently listed as imperiled or found outside their native range, possess many of the life‐history and ecological traits characteristic of currently invasive or imperiled taxa. Such species exhibit a high latent risk of extinction or invasion and consequently should be the focus of proactive conservation or management strategies. Our results illustrate the utility of trait‐based approaches for taxonomic groups such as invertebrates, for which detailed species‐specific data are rare and conservation resources are chronically limited.     

Value of protected areas to avian persistence across 20 years of climate and land-use change

Establishing protected areas, where human activities and land cover changes are restricted, is among the most widely used strategies for biodiversity conservation. This practice is based on the assumption that protected areas buffer species from processes that drive extinction. However, protected areas can maintain biodiversity in the face of climate change and subsequent shifts in distributions have been questioned. We evaluated the degree to which protected areas influenced colonization and extinction patterns of 97 avian species over 20 years in the northeastern United States. We fitted single-visit dynamic occupancy models to data from Breeding Bird Atlases to quantify the magnitude of the effect of drivers of local colonization and extinction (e.g., climate, land cover, and amount of protected area) in heterogeneous landscapes that varied in the amount of area under protection. Colonization and extinction probabilities improved as the amount of protected area increased, but these effects were conditional on landscape context and species characteristics. In this forest-dominated region, benefits of additional land protection were greatest when both forest cover in a grid square and amount of protected area in neighboring grid squares were low. Effects did not vary with species’ migratory habit or conservation status. Increasing the amounts of land protection benefitted the range margins species but not the core range species. The greatest improvements in colonization and extinction rates accrued for forest birds relative to open-habitat or generalist species. Overall, protected areas stemmed extinction more than they promoted colonization. Our results indicate that land protection remains a viable conservation strategy despite changing habitat and climate, as protected areas both reduce the risk of local extinction and facilitate movement into new areas. Our findings suggest conservation in the face of climate change favors creation of new protected areas over enlarging existing ones as the optimal strategy to reduce extinction and provide stepping stones for the greatest number of species.     

Evaluating the Effects of Anthropogenic Stressors on Source‐Sink Dynamics in Pond‐Breeding Amphibians

Although interwetland dispersal is thought to play an important role in regional persistence of pond‐breeding amphibians, few researchers have modeled amphibian metapopulation or source‐sink dynamics. Results of recent modeling studies suggest anthropogenic stressors, such as pollution, can negatively affect density and population viability of amphibians breeding in isolated wetlands. Presumably population declines also result in reduced dispersal to surrounding (often uncontaminated) habitats, potentially affecting dynamics of nearby populations. We used our data on the effects of mercury (Hg) on the American toad ( Bufo americanus) as a case study in modeling the effects of anthropogenic stressors on landscape‐scale amphibian dynamics. We created a structured metapopulation model to investigate regional dynamics of American toads and to evaluate the degree to which detrimental effects of Hg contamination on individual populations can disrupt interpopulation dynamics. Dispersal from typical American toad populations supported nearby populations that would otherwise have been extirpated over long time scales. Through support of such sink populations, dispersal between wetland‐associated subpopulations substantially increased overall productivity of wetland networks, but this effect declined with increasing interwetland distance and decreasing wetland size. Contamination with Hg substantially reduced productivity of wetland‐associated subpopulations and impaired the ability of populations to support nearby sinks within relevant spatial scales. Our results add to the understanding of regional dynamics of pond‐breeding amphibians, the wide‐reaching negative effects of environmental contaminants, and the potential for restoration or remediation of degraded habitats. Evaluación de los Efectos de Estresantes Antropogénicos sobre la Dinámica Fuente‐Vertedero en Anfibios que se Reproducen en Charcas