生物炭和秸秆还田对微咸水滴灌棉田土壤真菌群落结构多样性的影响

微咸水灌溉增加土壤盐分,改变土壤环境,进而影响土壤真菌的结构和多样性.在长期微咸水灌溉的基础上,分别添加生物炭和秸秆（采用等碳量设计,分别为3.7 t·hm^-2和6 t·hm^-2）,探究生物炭和秸秆对土壤理化性质和真菌群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明：与不施生物炭和秸秆（对照）相比,生物炭施用显著增加土壤的pH、全碳、速效钾和速效磷含量,但显著降低土壤电导率,降低幅度为20.71%;秸秆处理显著增加土壤的速效钾和速效磷含量,但显著降低土壤容重和电导率,降低幅度为4.17%和64.50%.生物炭和秸秆处理对真菌群落Chao1指数和ACE指数有增加趋势,对Shannon指数和Simpson指数有降低趋势.土壤优势真菌门类为子囊菌门、被孢霉门、担子菌门、壶菌门和球囊菌门;优势真菌属为毛壳菌属、赤霉菌属、镰刀菌属、Idriella和被孢霉属.施加生物炭和秸秆提高子囊菌门、被孢霉门、担子菌门、球囊菌门和毛壳菌属的相对丰度;但降低壶菌门、赤霉菌属和Idriella的相对丰度.LEfSe分析表明,施用生物炭和秸秆还田降低真菌群落潜在生物标志物数量.RDA结果显示,土壤真菌群落结构与EC_1：5和TN显著相关.微咸水灌溉给土壤带来了不利影响,其中EC_1：5和TN是驱动土壤真菌群落结构变化的主要因子,土壤真菌群落通过生物炭和秸秆对土壤的改良作用来适应盐胁迫环境.     

滇西北高原生态恢复过程中土壤侵蚀特征及其影响因子

滇西北高原由于地处生态脆弱的石灰岩区,水土流失严重,探讨该区生态恢复过程中土壤侵蚀的变化规律,为开展人工植被建设提供依据。以时空互代的方法,通过径流小区,对坡面的产沙产流特性及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:天然次生林和人工混交林均有较好的调节径流和减少泥沙的作用,产沙量分别比坡耕地减少了51.46%、43.18%,产流量也相应降低了39.39%、24.24%。在最大次降雨条件下,荒草丛、坡耕地、次生林和混交林单次降雨的产沙量分别占试验期产沙总量的55.38%、55.58%、58.35%和58.05%,产流量相应占产流总量的64.72%、64.63%、73.85%和55.39%。而且,产流产沙量与土壤有机质质量分数均存在明显正相关,与乔、灌层植物多样性及均匀度指数等呈显著负相关性(P<0.05)。因此,乔灌草结合的群落结构配置模式是滇西北地区水土保持林营造的目标和方向。     

Pseudoreplication in Tropical Forests and the Resulting Effects on Biodiversity Conservation

Tropical forest ecosystems are threatened by habitat conversion and other anthropogenic actions. Timber production forests can augment the conservation value of primary forest reserves, but studies of logging effects often yield contradictory findings and thus inhibit efforts to develop clear conservation strategies. We hypothesized that much of this variability reflects a common methodological flaw, simple pseudoreplication, that confounds logging effects with preexisting spatial variation. We reviewed recent studies of the effects of logging on biodiversity in tropical forests (n = 77) and found that 68% were definitively pseudoreplicated while only 7% were definitively free of pseudoreplication. The remaining proportion could not be clearly categorized. In addition, we collected compositional data on 7 taxa in 24 primary forest research plots and systematically analyzed subsets of these plots to calculate the probability that a pseudoreplicated comparison would incorrectly identify a treatment effect. Rates of false inference (i.e., the spurious detection of a treatment effect) were >0.5 for 2 taxa, 0.3–0.5 for 2 taxa, and <0.3 for 3 taxa. Our findings demonstrate that tropical conservation strategies are being informed by a body of literature that is rife with unwarranted inferences. Addressing pseudoreplication is essential for accurately assessing biodiversity in logged forests, identifying the relative merits of specific management practices and landscape configurations, and effectively balancing conservation with timber production in tropical forests. Pseudoreplicación en Bosques Tropicales y Efectos Resultantes Sobre la Conservación de Biodiversidad     

Lichen Conservation in Heavily Managed Boreal Forests

Lichens are an important component of the boreal forest, where they are long lived, tend to accumulate in older stands, and are a major food source for the threatened woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). To be fully sustainable, silvicultural practices in the boreal forest must include the conservation of ecological integrity. Dominant forest management practices, however, have short‐term negative effects on lichen diversity, particularly the application of herbicides. To better understand the long‐term effects of forest management, we examined lichen regeneration in 35 mixed black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forest stands across northern Ontario to determine recovery following logging and postharvest silvicultural practices. Our forest stands were 25–40 years old and had undergone 3 common sivilcultural treatments that included harvested and planted; harvested, planted, and treated with N‐[phosphonomethyl] glycine (glyphosate); and harvested, planted, and treated with 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D). Forest stands with herbicide treatments had lower lichen biomass and higher beta and gamma diversity than planted stands that were not treated chemically or control stands. In northwestern Ontario, planted stands that were not treated chemically had significantly greater (p < 0.05) alpha diversity than stands treated with herbicides or control stands. Our results show that common silvicultural practices do not emulate natural disturbances caused by wildfires in the boreal forest for the lichen community. We suggest a reduction in the amount of chemical application be considered in areas where lichen biomass is likely to be high and where the recovery of woodland caribou is an objective. Conservación de Líquenes en Bosques Boreales Manejados Intensivamente     

教育与区域经济发展差异--基于江苏和江西的实证分析

本文主要分析了教育对于区域经济发展差异的影响及作用机理。通过对江苏和江西两省的实证分析，提出并验证了教育发晨所引起的地区经济发展的差异，主要有两个方面共同作用的结果：即教育总体发展程度不同所产生的规模效应和不同教育层次发晨的侧重差异所引起的结构效应。最后。对今后区域教育发展战略的进一步完善提出了政策建议。     

Nitrogen deposition alters soil chemical properties and bacterial communities in the Inner Mongolia grassland

Nitrogen deposition has dramatically altered biodiversity and ecosystem functioning on the earth; however, its effects on soil bacterial community and the underlying mechanisms of these effects have not been thoroughly examined. Changes in ecosystems caused by nitrogen deposition have traditionally been attributed to increased nitrogen content. In fact, nitrogen deposition not only leads to increased soil total N content, but also changes in the NH₄⁺-N content, NO₃^--N content and pH, as well as changes in the heterogeneity of the four indexes. The soil indexes for these four factors, their heterogeneity and even the plant community might be routes through which nitrogen deposition alters the bacterial community. Here, we describe a 6-year nitrogen addition experiment conducted in a typical steppe ecosystem to investigate the ecological mechanism by which nitrogen deposition alters bacterial abundance, diversity and composition. We found that various characteristics of the bacterial community were explained by different environmental factors. Nitrogen deposition decreased bacterial abundance that is positively related to soil pH value. In addition, nitrogen addition decreased bacterial diversity, which is negatively related to soil total N content and positively related to soil NO₃^--N heterogeneity. Finally, nitrogen addition altered bacterial composition that is significantly related to soil NH₄⁺-N content. Although nitrogen deposition significantly altered plant biomass, diversity and composition, these characteristics of plant community did not have a significant impact on processes of nitrogen deposition that led to alterations in bacterial abundance, diversity and composition. Therefore, more sensitive molecular technologies should be adopted to detect the subtle shifts of microbial community structure induced by the changes of plant community upon nitrogen deposition.     

梯度负荷下果蔬垃圾厌氧消化性能及微生物群落结构的研究

为优化果蔬垃圾厌氧消化工艺,提高厌氧消化性能,本文通过逐级提高CSTR反应器进料负荷,研究不同负荷下的厌氧消化性能及相应的微生物群落结构变化规律.结果表明,随着进料负荷的增高,容积产气率、甲烷产气量、氨氮、碱度、TCOD、SCOD均逐渐增高,在最高负荷(负荷以VS计)2.50g·L-·1d-1时分别达到最大值:1.22L·L-1d-1,5.10L·d-1,1563.86mg·L-1,7572.23mg·L-1,13283.26mg·L-1,2075.03mg·L-1,甲烷含量及VFA分别稳定在52.46%～54.59%和(879.30±18.69)mg·L-1;同时利用PCR-DGGE技术系统分析了厌氧消化中细菌与古细菌的群落结构,测序结果表明,整个过程中拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、甲烷鬃菌(Methanosaeta)及甲烷螺菌(Methanospirillum)为优势微生物,随着负荷的提高,甲烷鬃毛菌(Methanosaeta)活性逐渐降低;聚类分析及主成分分析表明,低负荷条件下(1.50g·L-·1d-1、1.75g·L-·1d-1),微生物种类(细菌、古细菌)差别不明显,且基本处于同一阶段.     

秦岭中段北坡不同海拔土壤中细菌群落的分布特征及区域差异比较

为深入理解土壤细菌群落沿海拔梯度的分布特征,以秦岭山脉中段的朱雀国家森林公园朱雀山北坡（简称“朱雀北坡”）与太白山自然保护区太白山北坡（简称“太白山北坡”）为研究区域,海拔梯度上每隔400 m设置采样点,通过高通量测序研究土壤细菌群落的海拔变化规律及其关键影响因素.结果表明:研究区域内,随海拔升高,土壤pH趋于降低（太白山北坡不明显）,w（TC）、w（TN）、w（TOC）均显著升高,w（TP）也趋于升高（朱雀北坡不明显）.两个区域土壤细菌中相对丰度最高的均为变形菌门和酸杆菌门,朱雀北坡随海拔梯度变化显著的细菌主要包括变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、浮霉状菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门,其中,硝化螺旋菌门相对丰度与海拔呈正相关,放线菌门相对丰度与海拔呈负相关;太白山北坡随海拔梯度变化显著的细菌主要包括放线菌门、疣微菌门、浮霉状菌门、绿弯菌门,其中,放线菌门相对丰度与海拔呈负相关,其余三者相对丰度与海拔呈正相关.两个区域土壤细菌多样性指数（如Shannon-Wiener指数、Chao1指数、observed-species指数、PD_whole_tree指数等）沿海拔梯度均无明显变化规律,但太白山北坡数值整体上高于朱雀北坡.典范对应分析（canonical correlation analysis,CCA）结果显示,影响朱雀北坡和太白山北坡土壤细菌群落结构的主要因素均为pH和w（TOC）.研究显示,不同海拔梯度也是导致秦岭中段北坡土壤细菌群落差异的重要因素.