密云水库库区水环境人口容量优化分析

把水环境保护作为第一约束前提,探讨了水环境保护下的人口容量估算问题.其中,运用多目标决策技术中的逐步宽容约束法,并选用人口容量、粮食产量、乡镇企业产值、水土流失作为优化目标,提出了一个在各目标之间协调优化、综合决策的人口容量估算模型.并采用分析者求解和决策者抉择相结合的人机对话方式进行求解,计算出了密云水库库区的人口容量,为寻求水库库区社会经济和水库水环境的协调发展提供科学依据.     

湖南省大气污染物排放与人体暴露水平研究

基于吸入因子概念,建立了污染物排放造成的人体暴露的计算方法.应用CALPUFF长距离扩散模型和多元回归分析对湖南省17个电厂(24个排放源)的一次细颗粒(PM_2.5)、SO₂和NO_x排放进行了研究.结果表明,在半径500km范围内,PM_2.5、SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的平均吸入因子分别为9.73×10^-6、2.39×10^-6和2.47×10^-6.回归分析表明,PM_2.5的吸入因子与烟囱高度及人口数量有很高的相关性(R²=0.83),SO₄^2--吸入因子与烟囱高度无关,与人口数量有较好的相关性(R²=0.64),而NO₃的吸入因子与烟囱高度、人口数量的相关性较高(R²=0.74).基于回归方程和人口分布地图,对湖南省污染排放的吸入因子进行区划,得到的吸入因子等值图反映了人口分布对吸入因子的影响,可用于对该地区的排放源造成的健康影响进行快速评价.     

膜-生物反应器中微型动物变化与活性污泥状态相关性研究

近年来出现的膜-生物反应器(MBR)技术,是一种污水处理和回用的新型工艺。由于该工艺污泥停留时间长、污泥浓度高等特点,与常规活性污泥工艺差距较大,所以对反应器内的生物相监测是研究其处理机理的重要内容。笔者采用处理生活污水的MBR工艺连续流小试运行方式,结合生物学分析方法,对系统活性污泥混合液中的微型动物进行了连续跟踪监测。结果发现,微型动物优势种群及其数量随环境变化而波动,呈现一定的规律性。按照运行时间的顺序,游动型纤毛虫、红斑瓢体虫、轮虫及累枝钟虫、表壳虫,交替成为优势种群。系统内发生丝状菌污泥膨胀后,微型动物种类减少,主要优势种群为轮虫、累枝钟虫、表壳虫。微型动物在活性污泥中发挥吞食作用以控制系统内活性污泥总量的增长,而活性污泥的状态特性又会反作用于微型动物的生活过程及数量的变化过程。MBR系统中,微型动物与活性污泥整体之间是一种相互影响、相互作用的动态变化过程。      

粤港澳大湾区吸收性气溶胶的解析

为了解粤港澳(Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao,GHM)大湾区气溶胶污染现状,基于OMAERUV日产品数据,对粤港澳大湾区2008 ～ 2019年吸收性气溶胶指数(ultraviolet aerosol index,UVAI)的时空分布、未来趋势变化和潜在源区进行了分析,并对其影响因素进行了探讨.结果...     

固体废物有价资源机械力化学清洁提取技术的研究进展

有价资源是固体废物循环利用的主要经济驱动力之一,而有价资源的清洁提取一直是固体废物资源化领域的研究重点。简述了机械力化学技术的反应原理,通过文献计量形式重点呈现了机械力化学技术在固体废物有价资源清洁提取方面的研究动态。针对机械力化学技术在多源固体废物,如电子废物、废汽车催化剂、飞灰、含金废渣等有价资源清洁提取方面的研究进展进行了总结和分析,并系统讨论了该技术应用于固体废物有价资源清洁提取的产业优势和技术限制。结果显示,机械力化学技术适用于固体废物中有价金属的清洁提取与绿色再生,而能量利用及转化问题限制了该技术目前的进一步工业化应用。随着研究的持续深入和配套产业的不断进步,机械力化学技术有望成为新一代的固体废物有价资源清洁提取及绿色再生技术。     

Ozone distribution and phytotoxic potential in mixed conifer forests of the San Bernardino Mountains, southern California

In the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, ozone (O(3)) concentrations have been elevated since the 1950s with peaks reaching 600ppb and summer seasonal averages >100ppb in the 1970s. During that period increased mortality of ponderosa and Jeffrey pines occurred. Between the late 1970s and late1990s, O(3) concentrations decreased with peaks approximately 180ppb and approximately 60ppb seasonal averages. However, since the late 1990s concentrations have not changed. Monitoring during summers of 2002-2006 showed that O(3) concentrations (2-week averages) for individual years were much higher in western sites (58-69ppb) than eastern sites (44-50ppb). Potential O(3) phytotoxicity measured as various exposure indices was very high, reaching SUM00 - 173.5ppmh, SUM60 - 112.7ppmh, W126 - 98.3ppmh, and AOT40 - 75ppmh, representing the highest values reported for mountain areas in North America and Europe.     

Biostyr曝气生物滤池处理城市污水的沿程生化特性

青岛市麦岛污水处理厂采用曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理城市污水,以稳定运行的Biostyr为研究载体,考察滤池COD、NH3-N、SS和细菌数量等生化特性的沿程变化.结果表明,在气水比为4∶1～5∶1、进水COD负荷为2.5 ～3.7 kg/(m3·d)、进水NH3-N负荷为0.18～0.57 kg/(m3·d)时,滤池对COD的降解主要在150 cm填料以下处,COD的去除率可达58.9％;NH3-N去除率沿滤柱高度的变化与COD有所不同,在100 cm以下填料处,NH3-N的去除率仅为3.6％,在100 ～350 cm填料之间,NH3-N的去除率增加迅速,可达56.1％;对SS的去除主要发生在100 cm填料以下,去除率达51.7％.     

Amphibians and agricultural chemicals: Review of the risks in a complex environment

Agricultural landscapes, although often highly altered in nature, provide habitat for many species of amphibian. However, the persistence and health of amphibian populations are likely to be compromised by the escalating use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. This review examines some of the issues relating to exposure of amphibian populations to these chemicals and places emphasis on mechanisms of toxicity. Several mechanisms are highlighted, including those that may disrupt thyroid activity, retinoid pathways, and sexual differentiation. Special emphasis is also placed on the various interactions that may occur between different agro-chemicals and between chemicals and other environmental factors. We also examine the indirect effects on amphibian populations that occur when their surrounding pond communities are altered by chemicals.     

低温对生物接触氧化反应器硝化性能的影响

分散型污水生物处理技术在我国北方冬季低温期容易出现硝化性能下降的问题。构建2个平行运行的生物接触氧化反应器,以生活污水为原水重点考察了降温过程对反应器硝化性能的影响。当水温从20 ℃降至10 ℃时, 反应器出水COD浓度比较稳定,但NH4+-N浓度开始出现上升。将水力停留时间从8 h延长至14 h后,获得了完全硝化的效果,而且进一步将水温降低至5 ℃时,硝化效果没有受到明显影响。硝化速率测定结果显示,5 ℃生物接触氧化污泥与10 ℃污泥几乎保持了相同的比硝化速率。高通量测序结果表明,降温过程中,生物接触氧化污泥保留了数量庞大的核心种属;同时硝化细菌种群丰度表现为长期低温条件下的部分富集。结果表明,适当延长水力停留时间,生物接触氧化反应器可以在5 ℃水温下获得良好的硝化效果。     

Temporal trends in the bioaccumulation of trace metals in herring, sprat, and cod from the southern Baltic Sea in the 1994–2003 period

This study is based on raw data obtained from 1 225 samples of herring (Clupea harengus), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), and cod (Gadus morhua) collected in the 1994–2003 period from the Polish coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. This paper presents the results of investigations of the contents of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in fish. The aim was to identify temporal trends in trace metal contamination and variations in the concentrations of Hg in the flesh of herring, sprat, and cod of different lengths. A positive correlation between fish length and Hg concentration was noted for cod, sprat, and herring. The temporal trend analyses of heavy metal concentrations in the fish in the 1994–2003 period indicated ten significant downward trends out of eighteen tests; these referred to concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Pb in all the species studied, and to As in sprat. Concentrations of Cu and Zn remained stable in all the species studied, as did As in herring and cod. No upward trends were detected in the concentration of trace metals in the fish studied. Smaller scale temporal variations in concentrations of some elements were also observed and were associated with natural events, such as increased river discharge resulting from floods. The most likely factors which contributed to the observed downward trends in heavy metals concentrations in fish could possibly stem from lesser quantities of Cd, Pb, and Hg being introduced to the Baltic Sea with the waters of rivers from Baltic countries, including Poland, and atmospheric depositions in the 1994–2003 period. Diminishing trends of concentrations of these elements in Baltic Sea waters are also evidence of this. These facts might indicate that advantageous changes are occurring in the concentrations of heavy metals in the southern Baltic environment.