Applicability of Montreal Process Criterion 4 — soil and water conservation — to rangeland sustainability

SUMMARY

Criterion 4 of the Montreal Process addresses the conservation of soil and water resources as a way to assess the sustainability of a nation's forests. For the most part, the indicators under this criterion are relevant to rangelands. The area and percent of rangeland with significant soil erosion apply equally well to both biomes. Percent of streams with flow rates and timing outside its range of historical variation is also equally important, although a measure of proper functioning and condition may provide a better measure of the indicator. The area and percent of rangeland with diminished soil productive capability because of a loss of reduced organic matter or changed physical characteristics can be useful indicators locally and regionally.     

合肥市环城水体的生态补水研究

合肥市的环城水体没有天然补给水源,极易引起水体污染,开展生态补水工程很有必要。由于水资源紧缺,拟采用中水补水。选用一维河道稳态水质模型及均匀混合水质模型研究了不同量的生态补水对银河、包河、雨花塘水体影响,以及流动后对南淝河亳州路桥一长江路桥段的影响,评估了生态补水工程的可行性,最终确定了最佳的生态补水量。     

兰州市城区河道表层沉积物磁性特征研究

通过系统的环境磁学测定,分析了兰州市城区河道表层沉积物的磁学性质及其对城市污染的指示意义.结果表明,兰州市城区河道表层沉积物样品磁性特征以亚铁磁性矿物的磁铁矿为主导,同时存在少量赤铁矿和针铁矿贡献.根据参数χFD、χARM、χFD/MS和χARM/MS所指示的人为活动排放物对不同河段沉积物的贡献量将兰州市河流分为3类:末端集中型(排洪沟、寺儿沟、鱼儿沟、水磨沟),源头集中型(七里河、烂泥沟),影响较小型(罗锅沟、大沙沟).与有机质测量结果比较发现,兰州市河道沉积物样品有机质含量与超顺磁颗粒及单畴晶粒具有十分显著的正相关关系,说明了细颗粒磁性矿物对有机碳的富集作用,显示了超顺磁颗粒及单畴颗粒含量作为兰州市城区河道表层沉积物有机质含量的代用指标具有良好的指示意义.     

不同品种黑麦草对富营养化水体净化能力的比较

利用浮床植物系统研究了不同品种黑麦草在富营养化水体中的生长特性和净化效果差异.结果表明,12个黑麦草品种在冬春季富营养化水体中均能良好生长,净化效果非常明显,对TN、TP、CODMn和BOD5的去除率分别高达73.68%、84.69%、87.87%和75.85%;同时,还能使富营养化水体中pH值降低,溶解氧浓度明显升高.室内试验植物地上部N、P积累量分别在46.86～145.25 mg·m-2·d-1之间和11.39～42.74mg·m-2·d-1之间;室外试验植物地上部N、P积累量分别为61.5～168.2 mg·m-2·d-1和11.9～47.2mg·m-2·d-1;且植物体内N、P积累量与其生物量之间存在着明显的相关性(r≥0.90).品种同差异显著(P<0.05),其中,以邦德、安格斯2号和牧杰对富营养化水体净化的综合能力表现最好.     

微纳米曝气联合苦草对污染景观水体的修复效果及对微生物群落结构的影响

为探索微纳米曝气联合苦草 (micro-nano aeration combined with Vallisneria natans,MAVS) 对污染水体修复效果及微生物种群调控机理,以合肥国家湿地公园一处污染水体为修复对象并结合示范工程实验,考察了MAVS对景观水体修复效果及该水体水质及微生物种群结构的动态变化规律。结果表明：经过MAVS修复后,污染景观水体水质得到了明显改善,水体DO逐步提升,COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP分别降低了50%、85%、75%和75%左右;底泥微生物群落结构多样性随修复进程的推进而不断增加,而优势微生物种群结构组成保持相对稳定,但其丰度随修复进程而变化;在门分类水平上,优势菌门为Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Acidobacteria和Chloroflexi,其中Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes的丰度随修复过程的进行而下降,而Acidobacteria、Chloroflexi的丰度逐步增加;在属分类水平上,优势菌属为Rhodocyclus_uncultured、Xanthomonadales Incertae Sedis_uncultured、Alcaligenes_uncultured和Bacteroidetes vadinHA17_norank,其丰度随修复过程的进行而下降,修复进程停止后丰度逐渐增加;随着修复过程的进行,污染景观水体底泥优势微生物群落丰度呈现出与COD相同、DO相反的变化趋势,但在时间上存在一定的滞后性。由此可以看出,修复水体微生物群落结构随修复进程、水质特性的变化而变化,COD是驱动微生物群落结构及丰度变化的最大贡献者,同时DO、TP也对其变化产生一定影响。微纳米曝气联合苦草能有效修复污染水体,调控水体底泥微生物种群结构,具有良好的推广应用价值。     

Safety evaluation of major hazard installations based on regional disaster system theory

Major accidents have catastrophic effects on humans and all of society. To prevent the occurrence of major accidents, it is essential to strengthen the management of major hazard installations. Generally, effective identification and reasonable evaluation of major hazard installations are the basic steps in safety management. At present, the evaluation methods for major hazard installations mainly focus on consequence analysis and probabilistic analysis without considering the vulnerability of hazard-affected bodies. Therefore, the proposed method will introduce regional disaster system theory and comprehensively analyze hazard-formative factors, the hazard-formative environment and hazard-affected bodies to achieve a more complete and effective assessment of major hazard installations. Hazard-formative factors are evaluated based on the rapid ranking method, hazard-formative environments are evaluated based on Bayesian networks, and hazard-affected bodies are evaluated based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. A tank group and a chemical industrial park are used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the new method.     

浑太河流域水质达标控制方法研究

结合浑太河流域水资源网络节点图,根据污染物来源、种类及其产生机理,针对计算单元水资源供需平衡预测数据、降雨径流值,分点源、非点源进行规划水平年污染物入河量的预测。根据浑太河流域地形特征、入河污染物降解特性,以水功能区水体纳污能力为计算单元污染物排放总量控制条件,给出基于规划水平年入河污染物变动特性的水质达标控制方法。运用该方法进行浑太河流域水质达标控制:2030年,流域总需水7.4亿立方米,缺水深度在1%以下,COD、NH3-N、TP、TN的入河量分别为28.5×104、2.8×104、3.1×104、4.6×104t,对应的入河控制量分别为9.3×104、0.6×104、0.8×104、0.9×104t,经控制后水功能区目标水质达标率100%。证实了该水质达标控制方法有效、可行。     

城市景观娱乐水体微生物风险评价

随着城市居民亲水娱乐活动日益增加,开展景观娱乐水体微生物风险评价,并以此为基础开展有效的风险管理,对于人口密集的城市区域尤为重要.以我国南方某城市3个典型景观娱乐水体为案例,采用定量微生物风险评价的方法框架,综合运用水质监测、社会调查、文献调研等方法开展暴露评价,并由此开展基于粪大肠菌(FC)、大肠埃希氏菌(EC)和肠球菌(ENT)的多微生物指标人体健康风险评价.结果表明,基于FC、EC和ENT的多指标微生物风险评价结果具有一定的一致性和可比性;位于城市居住区的B河段不宜作为人体直接或非直接接触的娱乐水体,其对公众健康的风险主要来源于用作家庭杂用水;位于城市公共开放空间的C河段和风景旅游区的E湖可以满足现有的景观娱乐功能要求,其对公众健康的风险主要来源于各种休闲娱乐活动;应重视与城市景观娱乐水体功能不匹配的无序利用(如作为家庭杂用水)对公众健康的风险.     

Studying developmental neurotoxic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) using embryonic stem cells

There is little to no toxicity information regarding thousands of chemicals to which people are exposed daily. In fact, of the 84,000 chemicals listed in the United States Toxic Substances Control Act Inventory, there is limited information available on their effects on neural development (Betts, 2010 and US EPA, 2015). The number of chemicals tested remains low due to the high cost of conducting multi-generational animal studies and the lack of alternative testing methods.