Infantile hypophosphatasia: Successful prenatal assessment by testing for tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme gene mutations

We successfully assessed a fetus at risk for lethal infantile hypophosphatasia using amniocyte DNA and allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes for two missense mutations in the tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme (TNSALP) gene. The nucleotide changes had been discovered in a sister who died at 8 months of age from this inborn error of metabolism. The mother was known to carry the 747 (cDNA) G→A transition, whereas her husband and 5-year-old daughter, who were also healthy, carried the 1309 A→T transversion. Amniocytes, obtained at 16 weeks' gestation, provided genomic DNA for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the appropriate TNSALP gene exons. ASO hybridization revealed absence of the 747A mutation and presence of the 1309T base change in the fetus, indicating a carrier for hypophosphatasia. At 8 months of age, the offspring was in excellent health and without any radiological evidence of skeletal disease. His serum ALP activity and plasma pyridoxal 5′-phosphate level were decreased and increased, respectively, at levels consistent with the prenatal assessment. The ASO studies were confirmed postnatally using peripheral blood leukocyte DNA. This is the first application of direct mutational analysis to assess a fetus at risk for hypophosphatasia.     

慢性铝暴露致大鼠骨与软骨损伤胶原途径的动态分析

为了探讨慢性铝暴露致大鼠骨与软骨损伤胶原途径的机制及胶原代谢水平,实验将100只4周龄清洁级Wistar大鼠随机均分成染铝组(430mg·L-1Al3+)与对照组(蒸馏水),通过饮水染铝,每隔30d处死染铝大鼠和对照大鼠各10只,设立5个观测点,最长染铝时间为150d.同时,用电子秤每30d称大鼠体重1次;用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定血清、骨与软骨中铝含量;用固相夹心ELISA法检测血清中Ⅰ型前胶原羧基末端前肽(PICP)、Ⅰ型胶原C末端肽(CTX-Ⅰ)、Ⅱ型胶原(collagenⅡ)和Ⅱ型胶原C末端肽(CTX-Ⅱ)含量.结果表明,大鼠铝中毒模型复制成功;随着铝暴露时间的延长,染铝组大鼠体重在染铝60d后显著低于对照组(p0.01);染铝组血清、骨与软骨中铝含量逐渐升高,显著高于对照组(p0.01);PICP、Ⅱ型胶原合成量呈逐渐下降趋势,且显著低于对照组(p0.05,p0.01);CTX-Ⅰ和CTX-Ⅱ含量持续维持在高水平,分别在铝暴露90d、60d后显著高于对照组(p0.01).说明长时间铝暴露可致铝在骨与软骨中蓄积,并使骨与软骨中结构性胶原减少,引发骨与软骨损伤.     

竹炭固定化微生物处理低浓度含酚废水的初步研究

以苯酚模拟废水为研究对象,采用苯酚驯化后的优势菌群,利用竹炭作为载体,用竹炭固定化微生物处理含酚废水。探讨了投菌量、竹炭用量、水力停留时间(HRT)、污水酚含量等对处理苯酚废水的影响程度。实验表明在苯酚浓度为40mg/L低浓度废水,在投菌量为100mL/10g竹炭,竹炭量为10g/100mL污水的条件下经5h处理后,苯酚和COD的去除率分别为95%和70%。     

GDX 502管吸附-二氯甲烷解吸-气相色谱法测定气中的吡啶

建立了GDX 502管吸附-二氯甲烷解吸-气相色谱测定气中吡啶的方法,考察吸附管类型、解吸溶剂、解吸溶剂体积、采样时间和采样流量对测定结果的影响。结果表明,气中吡啶用GDX 502吸附管以0. 5 L/min的流量采样20 min,二氯甲烷解吸至1 m L,DB-1 (30 m×250μm×0. 25μm)柱分离,空白样品低、中、高3种加标量回收率为90. 8%～108%(n=6),相对标准偏差为2. 9%～4. 4%,方法在0～19. 6 mg/L线性范围内响应良好,相关系数(r)=0. 999 9。当采样体积为10 L时,检出限为0. 01 mg/m~3。该方法重复性好、回收率高、干扰较小,能够满足空气和废气中吡啶分析的要求。     

磁性氧化石墨烯和磁性竹炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附

制备了两种磁性碳基材料——磁性氧化石墨烯（MGO）和磁性竹炭（MBC）,并将其用于模拟含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的吸附。采用SEM,BET,FTIR技术对吸附剂进行了表征。表征结果显示：MBC具有与MGO相似的薄片层结构,且MBC的BET比表面积更大（为32.872 6 m²/g）,可为Cr（Ⅵ）提供大量的吸附位点。实验结果表明：向100 mL废水中加入20.0 mg吸附剂,在废水pH为1.0、吸附温度为30 ℃、初始Cr（Ⅵ）质量浓度为10.0 mg/L的条件下,MGO和MBC的平衡吸附时间分别为50,70 min,平衡吸附量分别为37.7,49.7 mg/g,吸附平衡时的Cr（Ⅵ）去除率分别为75.4%和99.4%;两种磁性材料对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附均很好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;在酸性介质中,MGO和MBC的表面基团与HCr₂O₇^-和Cr₂O₇^2-之间有氢键作用。     

骨炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

通过间歇实验研究了骨炭对重金属Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性。探讨了固液比、pH、离子强度、反应时间、温度及初始浓度等因素的影响。实验结果表明,pH与固液比显著影响去除率,温度与离子强度的影响较小。当温度为20℃,pH=2.5,Pb(Ⅱ)的初始浓度为200 mg/L,固液比为1 g/L时,最大去除率近100%。动力学实验结果表明,骨炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附为快速反应,在30 min内可达到平衡,准二级动力学模型可较好地拟合实验结果。等温吸附实验结果表明,Freundlich模型与Langmuir模型均可较好地拟合等温吸附实验结果。骨炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附机制主要为表面络合反应与分解置换-沉淀反应。     

Development and calibration of a passive sampler for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water

N-Nitrosamines such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) are organic compounds of environmental concern in groundwater, wastewater and potable water due to their potent carcinogenicity in laboratory animal studies and probable human carcinogenicity. While passive sampling techniques have become a widely used tool for providing time-averaged estimates of trace pollutant concentration, for chemicals such as NDMA that have relatively high water solubility, the selection of a suitable sorbent is difficult. This work is a proof of principle study that investigated for the first time the use of coconut charcoal as a passive sampler sorbent. Apparent charcoal/water sorption coefficients for NDMA were >551 mL g⁻¹ at environmentally relevant aqueous concentrations of less than 1 μg L⁻¹. Under the experimental conditions employed, a sampling rate of 0.45 L d⁻¹ was determined and for an aqueous concentration of 1000 ng L⁻¹, it is predicted that the sampler remains in the linear uptake stage for approximately 4 d, while equilibrium attainment would require about 26 d. The presence of humic acid, used as a surrogate for DOC, enhanced NDMA sorption on the coconut charcoal.     

枝孢霉在敦煌壁画颜料变色过程中的作用

从敦煌莫高窟分离的一株枝孢霉（Cladosporiumsp.）分别接种到骨胶溶液、骨胶铅丹混合涂层、铅丹骨胶溶液及模拟的壁画色板,并在一定条件下培养后,进行分析测定结果表明：该菌株对骨胶有较强的降解作用,骨胶的降解使铅丹（Ph3O4）失去保护作用,稳定性下降;在含铅丹的骨胶液中培养时可溶性铅含量[ρ（Ph2 ）=3．17mp／L]明显高于未接种的CK[ρ（Ph2 ）=22．9mgiL];对模拟色板和混合涂层的分析显示该菌株在色报表面形成较多草酸盐,并且明显促进铅丹向铅白[Ph3（OH）2（CO3）2]的转化．     

马尾松采伐迹地火烧黑炭对土壤有机碳组分和碳转化酶活性的影响

黑炭是不完全燃烧生成的具有高度芳香化结构的含碳颗粒物,能对火烧迹地土壤生态功能产生长期影响.以中亚热带马尾松人工林采伐火烧迹地为研究对象,分析火后黑炭处理[移除(B₀)、单倍(B₁)、双倍(B₂)]、未火烧对照(UB)5 a后土壤有机碳组分[可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、惰性有机碳(RC)、粗颗粒有机碳(CPOC)、细颗粒有机碳(FPOC)]含量和碳转化酶[葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(POX)、纤维素酶(CBH)、蔗糖酶(SC)]活性特征.结果表明,B₁处理土壤DOC、 MBC、 CPOC、 FPOC和RC含量均显著低于UB(P<0.05).B₂处理土壤MBC和FPOC含量与UB无显著差异,但显著高于B₀处理(P<0.001).B₁和B₂处理土壤MBC/TC与UB无显著差异,而B₀处理土壤MBC/TC显著低于UB(...     

新型填料床-逐级曝气池一体化反应器水处理技术

为解决低浓度污水处理工艺脱氮除磷过程中存在的微生物碳源不足的问题,本文研制了新型填料床-逐级曝气串联反应器.填料床分别采用珊瑚砂、竹炭颗粒、钢渣为填料,在好氧、厌氧兼顾的环境下,实现化学除磷、生物除氮.试验采用模拟生活污水,COD、TN、TP、氨氮的浓度为170—190 mg.L-1、27—30 mg.L-1、8—10 mg.L-1,23—25 mg.L-1.反应器在第27天启动成功,100 d稳定运行结果显示,当HRT为14 h,曝气池DO为3.5 mg.L-1,反应器处理效果良好,出水中COD、TN、TP、氨氮的浓度分别为30.7 mg.L-1、5.59 mg.L-1、1.0 mg.L-1、4.67 mg.L-1,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)中的一级B排放标准.经钢渣填料床处理后的污水,TP浓度降到1 mg.L-1左右,在不排泥的情况下,实现TP的高效去除,同时有效避免了除磷与脱氮过程对碳源的竞争,实现了生物法对水体中富余氮、磷的高效去除.