硼工业粉尘污染特征的研究

报告了硼加工车间空气中粗、细颗粒物的分布,包括粒子数量分布和质量分布.鄂破、球磨、雷蒙磨车间的粉尘质量浓度分别高达28,33和23 mg/m3.粉尘中PM10所占比例分别为62.1%,62.7%和56.5%.而在PM10中,细粒子比例较低,分别为10.1%,14.2%和9.22%,但PM2.5的质量浓度分别为1.76,2.94和1.20 mg/m3.用ICP-MS测定的球磨和雷蒙磨车间空气中硼的质量浓度分别为425.6和669.1 μg/m3,其污染水平是相当高的.      

硼掺杂介孔炭吸附四环素的效能与机制

以椰壳和硼酸为原料,通过简单的一步热解法制备出新型硼掺杂椰壳介孔炭材料（B-CSC）用于水中四环素类污染物的高效吸附去除.系统研究了关键制备条件热解温度和硼碳质量比对其吸附性能的影响,使用比表面积及孔径分析仪（BET）、场发射扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光子能谱仪（XPS）、拉曼光谱仪（Raman）以及Zeta电位仪（Zeta）对其微观结构及物化性质进行了表征分析.系统考察了初始pH值、不同金属阳离子以及不同背景水质条件对其吸附效果的影响.结合材料表征与相关分析等对其强化吸附机制进行了深入讨论与分析.结果表明,一步热解能够将硼掺入椰壳炭的表面及晶格,导致其拥有更大的比表面积和孔体积,引入硼的形态主要是H₃BO₃、B₂O₃、B和B₄C.B-CSC对四环素的吸附量达到297.65 mg·g^-1,是原始椰壳介孔炭（CSC）的8.9倍.同时,B-CSC对于水环境中常见污染物罗丹明B（RhB）、双酚A（BPA）和亚甲基蓝（MB）的吸附量分别高达372.65、255.24和147.82 mg·g^-1.B-CSC对四环素的吸附过程是物理化学作用共同主导的,主要涉及液膜扩散、表面吸附、介孔与微孔内扩散和活性位点吸附,H₃BO₃是其主要吸附位点.吸附强化机制主要是硼掺杂降低了其碳网络的化学惰性,增强了其与四环素分子的π—π相互作用和氢键作用.     

Effect of waterborne boron and molybdenum on survival,growth and feed intake of Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

The effect of either boron (B) or molybdenum (Mo) on survival, growth and feed intake of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), advanced fry was studied in two separate experiments. Survival rates of C. mrigala fry (2.78±0.14 g) following 50 days’ exposure to B at 0.01 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 were 100% at all concentrations except 8.0 mg·L ^?1 where the survival rate 87.5±7.5%. We observed 100% survival of mrigala fry at all concentrations of Mo, 0.02 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1. Both B and Mo at 0.5 mg·L ^?1 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher growth of the fish compared with control and other concentrations. B exposure at 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg·L ^?1 had no significant effect on growth rate, whereas at 8.0 mg B·L ^?1 growth of the fish almost ceased. Mo exposure at 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 caused no significant effect on growth rate of the fish compared to control. Both B and Mo at all concentrations had no significant effect on feed intake of the fish compared with control, except at the highest concentration of boron (8.0 mg·L ^?1).     

Preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2

Boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized using modified sol-gel reaction process and characterized by X- ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, particle size distribution （PSD）, diffuse reflectance spectra （DRS）, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by monitoring the degradation of dye Acid Red B （ARB）. The results showed that the prepared photocatalysts were mixed oxides mainly consisting of titania, ceria, and boron oxide. The structure of TiO2 could be transformed from amorphous to anatase and then to rutile by increasing calcination temperature; the transformation being accompanied by the growth of particle size without any obvious change in phase structure of CeO2. The XPS of B1.6Ce1.0-TiO2 prepared at 500℃ showed that a few boron atoms were incorporated into titania and ceria lattice, whereas others existed as B2O3. Cerium ions existed in two states, Ce^3＋ and Ce^4＋, and the atomic ratio of Ce^3＋/Ce^4＋ was 1.86. When boron and cerium were doped, the UV-Vis adsorption band wavelength showed an obvious shift toward the visible range （〈526 nm）. As the atomic ratio of Ce/Ti increased to 1.0, the absorbance edge wavelength increased to 481 nm. The absorbance edge wavelength decreased for higher cerium doping levels （Ce/Ti=2.0）. The particles size ranged from 122 to 255 nm with a domain at 168 nm （39.4%）. The degradation of ARB dye indicated that the photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 were much higher than those of P25 （a standard TiO2 powder）. The activities increased as the boron doping increased, whereas decreased when the Ce/Ti atomic ratio was greater than 0.5. The optimum atomic ratio of B/Ti and Ce/Ti was 1.6 and 0.5, respectively.     

镁硼硅晶膜改性技术对镍-磷复合镀层组织性能的影响

目的 通过研究镁硼硅晶膜改性技术对镍-磷复合镀层组织性能的影响,开发并提升工业应用价值较高的非晶态镍-磷镀层.方法 采用镁硼硅晶膜改性处理技术,在45#钢基材上制备Ni-P化学镀层,通过扫描电子显微镜等设备,检测处理后镀层的微观形貌、组织结构和耐磨耐蚀性能,结合镁硼硅水体活化表征,分析镁硼硅晶膜改性技术对镍-磷镀层的强化机理.结果 相比传统的Ni-P镀层,镁硼硅改性晶膜处理的Ni-P镀层表面平整,分布均匀,表面致密度明显提升,摩擦因数减小了约32％,腐蚀电位正移221 mV,腐蚀电流为原来的1/2,腐蚀质量损失速率明显较低,耐腐蚀性能更为优异.经过镁硼硅改性晶膜处理的水体分子团明显减小,活性提升,这说明经过处理后的水体易于溶解来自复合陶瓷中的硅石和硼素等物质,在Ni-P镀层形成致密的晶膜,提高镀层的综合防护性能.结论 经过镁硼硅晶膜改性处理后,Ni-P镀层表面致密度和耐磨耐蚀性能有了明显的提升,具有更为宽广的工业应用价值.     

新型絮凝剂含硼聚硅铝铁的制备和性能研究

向聚硅酸中引入Al³⁺、Fe³⁺、B,制得稳定性更好的高效絮凝剂含硼聚硅铝铁（PFASB）。通过实验得到其最佳配比为：n_(B)/n_(Si)=0.16、n_(Fe)/n_(Al)=0.5 、n_(Al+Fe)/n_(Si)=1。对造纸废水和焦化废水进行混凝实验表明,PFASB的除浊、除COD的能力均优于聚合铝、聚合铝铁和聚硅铝铁,而且矾花产生迅速,矾花粗大密实,是一种性能优异的新型高分子絮凝剂。实验还考察了絮凝剂的形貌和结构,结果表明B、铝及其水解产物、铁及其水解产物和聚硅酸等多种组分之间有相互作用,形成了尺度更大的聚集单元。PFASB的这种特殊结构是其具有良好稳定性和混凝性能的根本原因。     

尿硼浓度预测人体日硼暴露剂量

以辽宁某地硼矿开采和加工厂的硼作业工人以及远离硼矿的背景地区的人群作为研究对象,分析了班后尿液硼浓度与日硼暴露剂量之间的关系.结果表明,班后尿硼浓度与日硼暴露剂量之间存在着显著的对数线性关系,考虑了不同人群类别的影响之后,回归方程的拟合度达到85.9%,由此确立了用班后尿硼浓度预测日硼暴露剂量的预测方程.用此预测方程对本研究2004年的受试者日硼暴露剂量进行预测,并与实测值进行了比较,结果表明平均相对偏差为13.4%,预测值与实测值之间没有显著性的差异.说明用班后尿硼浓度预测日硼暴露剂量是可行的.对2004年所有受试者的日硼暴露剂量预测结果分析表明,硼职业暴露组、社区对照组和背景对照组的日硼暴露剂量平均值分别为36.1、4.13和1.31mg/d.     

Applying the concept of agrodiversity to indigenous soil and water conservation practices in eastern Kenya

Agrodiversity – the diversity of cropping systems, crop species and farm management practices has received increasing attention in recent years as a way of spreading risk and supporting food security in resource-poor farming systems. This paper discusses the dynamic aspects of indigenous soil and water conservation (ISWC) practices in a semi-arid part of Kenya. The objective is to show the range of sources of variability and diversity that prevail in this environment, the responses of farmers to this variability, and the way farmers' rationalise the heterogeneity of soil and water management practices. Methods used included participatory surveys and evaluations, on-farm monitoring, soil and rainfall data analyses, and questionnaire surveys. Sources of variability affecting cropping systems and land management practices included rainfall, soil fertility, farmer resource level and farm productivity. A decision-tree was developed to examine how biophysical and socio-economic variability affected farmers' choice of ISWC. Different ISWC structures dominated on sandy and stony soils, respectively. Low resource farmers tended to choose cheaper and less labour demanding techniques, and constructed smaller ISWC structures than better endowed farmers. The largest diversity of ISWC practices was found on newly-opened land with mixed soils. Moreover, on-farm productivity levels indicated that costly investments in SWC are unfeasible, as this would further increase the risk for negative returns to farming. The wider implications of the results are that SWC interventions in marginal areas should build on the existing agrodiversity and an understanding of the complex interactions between environmental and socio-economic factors that give rise to differences in farming systems and land management practices.     

A socio-economic analysis of rice production systems in the uplands of northern Vietnam

Production of upland rice under shifting cultivation system is an important economic activity in the mountainous areas of northern Vietnam. A comparative study of two districts with differential market access and population pressure was conducted to highlight the effect of these variables on upland rice systems in northern Vietnam. Farmers in the district with a greater population pressure have a shorter cropping and a shorter fallowing cycle than in the district with lower population pressure. Farmers reported a high incidence of food shortage in both districts. Income from livestock and wages are important for food purchases, especially in the district with a better access to market. Even in these upland districts, access to lowland fields is a critical determinant of food security.     

丹东地区农业土壤污染及防治研究

本文以丹东地区农业土壤污染与防治为研究对象,论述了在进行经济活动、污染源、污染方式调查的基础上的采样布点原则,并采用灰色聚类法及综合污染指数法进行土壤污染现状评价,根据本地区土壤污染的具体问题提出了镁、硼、锌等的污染防治对策。本文还将邻近学科的甄别比概念引入该研究中。