Biosorption of copper and zinc by immobilised and free algal biomass, and the effects of metal biosorption on the growth and cellular structure of Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from rivers in Penang, Malaysia

In this study, the biosorption of copper and zinc ions by Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from local environments in Malaysia was investigated in a batch system and by microscopic analyses. Under optimal biosorption conditions, the biosorption capacity of Chlorella sp. for copper and zinc ions was 33.4 and 28.5 mg/g, respectively, after 6 hr of biosorption in an immobilised system. Batch experiments showed that the biosorption capacity of algal biomass immobilised in the form of sodium alginate beads was higher than that of the free biomass. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed that copper and zinc were mainly sorbed at the cell surface during biosorption. Exposure to 5 mg/L of copper and zinc affected both the chlorophyll content and cell count of the algal cells after the first 12 hr of contact time.     

厦门市坂头水库和汀溪水库水中浮游藻类种群组成特征研究

2009年-2010年采集汀溪水库和坂头水库水样,制片,电子显微镜下观察,研究结果表明:汀溪水库藻类共有4门,其中,蓝藻门最多,其中的拟浮丝藻数量高达5.4×107个/L,其次是绿藻门,再次是硅藻门,甲藻门最少。坂头水库藻类共有4门,其中,硅藻门最多,其中的颗粒直链藻数量达到1.01×107个/L;绿藻门、甲藻门和蓝藻都非常少。根据指示藻类标准初步鉴定坂头水库和汀溪水库属于中-富营养化型(β-α-ms)水体。同时分析和讨论了藻类引起的潜在水质问题。     

凤眼莲净化治理滇池蓝藻污染的可行性研究

通过研究凤眼莲在生长过程中可吸收污水中大量氮、磷和其它重金属的特性,对比分析凤眼莲在滇池草海放养生长中的实验数据,认为在滇池草海放养凤眼莲治理滇池蓝藻,改善滇池水质的措施是可行的,论文还对凤眼莲的综合利用提出了方案。     

Interaction between co‐solvents and algae in the residue dynamics of fenitrothion

Abstract

Fresh and estuarine water algae maintained in laboratory microcosms simulating river‐lake/estuary‐bay systems were exposed to ¹⁴C‐fenitrothion formulated with Atlox and tank mixed with Aerotex or Dowanol (11.5:1.5:1.5 w/v/v). Generally, the tank mix co‐solvents determined the amount of uptake and the array of derivatives formed by the algae. Typically, exposed to an Aerotex mix the ratio of ethyl acetate extractable (NP) fraction : ethyl acetate unextractable (P) fraction was as 3.5:1.0, exposed to a Dowanol mix the ratio was as 1.5:1.0. Within any comparable time period, fresh water algae turned over more of the C‐ring of fenitrothion than the estuarine genera. Turn‐over was enhanced when Aerotex was the tank mix co‐solvent.     

西安冬季大气棕碳光学特征及辐射强迫

为探讨西安冬季不同大气污染状况（污染天和清洁天）大气细粒子（PM_2.5）及其一次棕碳（BrC_pri）和二次棕碳（BrC_sec）的光学特征及辐射效应,开展了高分辨率多波段光学参数观测,获得PM_2.5多波段光学吸收系数（b_abs）,通过进一步数据分析得到BrC_pri和BrC_sec的光谱依赖指数（AAE）及其相对黑碳（BC）的辐射强迫.结果显示,污染天时段370nm光学吸收（b_abs（370））和880nm光学吸收（b_abs（880））均值分别为（733±311） Mm^-1和（185±80） Mm^-1,分别高出清洁天约5.9倍和6.2倍.清洁天PM_2.5的AAE1.08~2.09,变化幅度大于污染天（1.28~1.79）.清洁天棕碳光学吸收（b_abs（BrC））在370nm波长对总吸收占比高于污染天,均超过30%.一次棕碳光学吸收（b_abs（BrC_pri））在清洁天和污染天均对b_abs（BrC）呈现高贡献,占比范围分别为76%~86%和82%~91%,说明一次排放仍然是造成西安冬季污染的重要原因.清洁天BrC、BrC_pri和BrC_sec的AAE均值分别为4.42、4.31和4.78,均高于污染天,说明清洁天粒子等效直径相对较小,老化程度较高导致BrC的高光谱依赖性.b_abs（BrC_sec）日间变化表明污染天凌晨高湿条件下的液相反应可能是BrC_sec形成的主要机制,比清洁天更为强烈,而污染天日间BrC_sec受光漂白的影响较大.最后估算了BrC_pri和BrC_sec的辐射强迫效应,在紫外波段（300~400nm）,污染天BrC_pri和BrC_sec相对BC的辐射强迫分别为62%和16%,而清洁天分别为59%和23%,表明BrC_pri和BrC_sec在西安冬季的辐射强迫效应不容忽视.     

EFFECTS OF PLACER GOLD MINING ON PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN SUBARCTIC STREAMS OF ALASKA1

ABSTRACT: Turbidity, total residues, settleable solids, vertical light extinction, and primary production were measured in mined and unmined streams located in the interior highlands of Alaska. Undisturbed streams had low turbidities (< 1 NTU), total residue concentrations averaging 120 mg 1^?1, and undetectable settleable solids. During active mining, turbidity, total residues, and settleable solids levels in a moderately mined stream averaged 170 NTU, 201 mg 1^?1, and < 0.1 ml 1^?1, respectively. In a heavily mined stream, turbidity and total residues were two orders of magnitude higher than in unmined streams and settleable solids nearly always exceeded 0.2 ml 1^?1. Vertical extinction coefficients and turbidity were positively correlated. In undisturbed streams gross primary productivity (g-O₂m^?2d^?1) ranged from 0.20 shortly after spring breakup to a maximum of 1.20 in early fall. Productivity in the moderately mined stream was reduced by 50 percent while photosynthetic efficiency doubled. Primary production was undetectable in a heavily mined stream. Maximum standing crops of periphyton measured as chlorophyll a occurred in fall in an undisturbed stream after 13 weeks of exposure and ranged from 4.5 to 11.8 mg-chl a m^?2. The highest chlorophyll a densities recorded in the moderately mined stream was 3.8 mg m^?2, and no chlorophyl a was detected in the heavily mined stream.     

于桥水库藻类群落演替过程及影响因素

解析湖库藻类群落演替过程及影响因素对于湖库富营养化控制具有重要作用,而当前我国大部分湖库缺乏历史藻类群落监测数据.为研究典型水库藻类群落演替过程及主要驱动因素,在于桥水库采集沉积物柱芯,采用137Cs定年和藻类色素反演的方法,重建了于桥水库藻类群落近80年历史演替过程,揭示了气候变化和人类活动对藻类群落演替的影响规律.结果表明:①于桥水库历史主要藻类为绿藻、蓝藻、隐藻、甲藻、硅藻和裸藻,藻类群落演替经历了3个阶段,第Ⅰ阶段为1938—1958年,藻类生物量较低;第Ⅱ阶段为1958—1983年,藻类生物量逐渐升高;第Ⅲ阶段为1983—2019年,藻类生物量显著增长,主要以蓝藻和绿藻为优势种.②1959年建库后水动力条件改变导致藻类群落显著变化,藻类生物量和多样性增加;20世纪80年代开始流域营养物负荷提高导致藻类生物量显著升高.③1951年以来气象资料时段的相关分析显示,TP含量、气温与藻类色素含量具有显著相关性（P < 0.05）,表明TP负荷增加和气候变暖对藻类群落演替和生物量增加起到显著促进作用.      

铜与毒死蜱复合污染对淡水绿藻的毒性效应

重金属及农药残留在水环境中被频繁检测出,其复合污染对环境生物的联合毒性有别于单因子的生物效应.以淡水绿藻为受试生物,比较分析了有机磷农药毒死蜱（Chlorpyrifos）和重金属铜的单一及复合暴露对蛋白核小球藻急性毒性、细胞通透性及抗氧化应激的影响.铜、毒死蜱72小时单一暴露对小球藻的EC₅₀分别为0.68和12.71μmol/L,藻细胞叶绿素含量随污染物浓度的增大而降低,细胞通透性随污染物浓度的增大而增强,藻细胞活性氧和抗氧化酶被显著诱导.利用相加指数法（Additive Index,AI）确定铜、毒死蜱联合暴露对小球藻急性毒性的联合作用类型为拮抗作用,这与小球藻ROS产生量及抗氧化酶等指标的显著性水平分析结果一致.     

辽东湾毒害微藻潜在风险分布及环境关联

以18S rDNA V4区作为目标基因,利用自行设计的真核浮游植物鉴定引物V4（F/R）,结合高通量测序技术,对辽东湾2014年四季海水中真核藻类多样性进行了检测.结果发现了辽东湾毒害藻类共29种,曾引发赤潮或褐潮的种类有19种,可导致鱼类大规模死亡的有8种,主要为甲藻门.有18种疑似为辽东湾新记录种,其中9种在中国海域未见报道;发现麻痹性贝毒（PSP）产毒藻8种,腹泻性贝毒（DSP）产毒藻2种,产虾夷扇贝毒素（YTX）产毒藻3种,神经性贝毒（NSP）产毒藻2种,溶血毒素（hemolysin）产毒藻13种,另外还有1种褐潮产毒藻（EPS）.辽东湾检出的毒害藻类中有8种自养型、1种异养型、20种混合营养型藻类.麻痹性贝毒、虾夷扇贝毒素、溶血毒素在夏季风险较高,神经性贝毒在秋季风险较高,腹泻性贝毒在春、夏季风险均较高,辽东湾东西两岸是贝毒风险高发区.辽东湾春季水温对YTX、NSP产毒藻影响显著负相关;夏季COD、Oil、DIN、Pb、Cd对各产毒藻类影响显著正相关;秋季各环境因子对各产毒藻类影响不显著;冬季Zn、As、Oil、DIN对各产毒藻类影响显著正相关,水温对各产毒藻类影响显著负相关,各产毒藻类与环境因子关联性有待于进一步研究.