CaO2促进MFC同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水的效能

为了提高剩余污泥降解效能和废水中六价铬还原效能,研究了CaO₂对微生物燃料电池同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水的影响,考察了不同CaO₂投加量下微生物燃料电池阳极剩余污泥的降解效能、阴极六价铬的还原效能及产电效能.结果表明,当阳极室CaO₂投加量分别为0,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8gCaO₂/gVSS时,运行120h后,阴极六价铬还原率分别为73.38%,78.91%,99.47%,97.70%,97.04%,96.37%,运行30d后,阳极剩余污泥TCOD降解率分别为72.4%,76.9%,81.0%,78.2%,75.7%,74.2%.证明投加CaO₂后,六价铬还原率和TCOD降解率都有提高.当投加量为0.2gCaO₂/gVSS时处理效能最好,输出电压最大为1.15V.六价铬还原率提高了36.08%,TCOD降解率提高了11.88%.此外,投加CaO₂后微生物燃料电池电化学活性有所提高,表明CaO₂投加对电池电子传递过程有促进作用.结果说明CaO₂有利于提高对微生物燃料电池同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水效能.     

Monitoring biofouling based on aerobic respiration in reverse osmosis system

A monitoring method of biofouling in reverse osmosis (RO) system was proposed based on the fluorescent signal of resorufin, which is reduced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide released from viable cells during aerobic respiration. The fluorescent signal of resorufin reduced by planktonic cells and microorganisms of biofilm showed linearity, indicating its feasibility to monitor biofouling in a RO system. For the application of the method to the lab-scale RO system, the injection concentration of resazurin and the injection flow rate were optimized. Biofilm on RO membranes continuously operated in a lab-scale RO system was estimated by resorufin fluorescence under optimized detection condition. As a result, resorufin fluorescence on RO membrane showed a significant increase in which the permeability of RO system decreased by 30.48%. Moreover, it represented the development of biofilm as much as conventional biofilm parameters such as adenosine triphosphate, extracellular polymeric substances, and biofilm thickness. The proposed method could be used as a sensitive and low-cost technology to monitor biofouling without autopsy of membranes.     

基于LEAP模型的京津冀地区钢铁行业中长期减排潜力分析

京津冀地区是我国钢铁行业集中布局的地区,也是大气污染最突出的地区.分析京津冀地区钢铁行业各类治污工具的中长期减排影响,对于选择最优减排措施、加快推动该地区大气污染治理意义重大.构建基于LEAP模型的京津冀地区钢铁行业模型,以2015年为基准年,以每5 a为一个时间节点,结合规模减排、结构减排、技术减排、末端治理4种减排措施,模拟计算了4种单一政策情景及4种组合政策情景下2015-2030年京津冀地区钢铁行业主要污染物（SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO₂）排放量及相应的减排影响.结果表明:在单一政策情景下,规模减排情景对5种污染物减排效果均十分显著.在组合政策情景下,4种减排措施叠加的综合减排情景效果最好,在该情景下京津冀地区钢铁行业到2030年SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO₂排放量将分别削减27.73×104、17.85×104、42.94×104、27.35×104、23.15×107 t;在规模-末端治理情景下,除CO₂外其余污染物减排效果仅次于综合减排情景;规模-结构减排情景对PM₁₀和PM_2.5的减排效果相对明显;规模-技术减排情景对CO₂、SO₂、NO_x的减排效果相对明显.研究显示,京津冀地区钢铁行业需要在大力淘汰落后过剩产能、缩减产量等源头治理措施的基础上,持续加强末端治理、提高废钢比例、提升节能减排技术水平等协同治理能力,以提高治污减排效果.      

衡水市大气污染成因研究及治理经验

衡水市作为"2+26"城市中典型的低GDP、高污染城市,其空气质量排名常年处于74个重点城市的后10位.自大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目工作开展以来,衡水市开展了大量污染成因研究及污染治理工作,已取得了较为明显的大气污染治理成效.从空气质量变化、排放源、污染物来源解析及气象条件与排放贡献等方面,梳理了衡水市大气污染成因研究及治理经验.结果表明:①衡水市的空气质量得到较大改善,PM₁₀和PM_2.5治理成效明显.2018年衡水市ρ（PM₁₀）和ρ（PM_2.5）年均值比2017年分别下降了25.12%和19.73%,比2013年分别下降了54.84%和51.22%,但O₃污染形势逐渐严峻,以O₃为首要污染物的天数由55 d（2013年）增至125 d（2018年）.②相比于2016年,衡水市2017年SO₂、NO_x、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、BC、OC、VOC的排放总量均大幅下降.③2013-2018年导致衡水市PM_2.5下降的因素中,气象因素占8.0%,排放源因素占92.0%,说明衡水市通过减排措施改善空气质量的效果较为显著.④硝酸盐已经取代硫酸盐成为秋冬季颗粒物二次转化中最重要、占比最高的成分.研究显示,衡水市高ρ（PM_2.5）主要以本地排放和临近地区输送为主,为有效控制衡水市PM_2.5污染的发生与发展,应采取本地排放控制与"2+26"城市联防联控相结合的方案.      

A strategy for enhancing anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge: Driving anodic oxidation by adding nitrate into microbial electrolysis cell

Cathodic reduction of CO₂ and anodic oxidation of organic matters are crucial to methane-producing microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) applied in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. However, cathodic CO₂ reduction is usually restrained by slow metabolism rates of H₂-utilizing methanogens and low electron-capturing capacity of CO₂, which consequently slows down the anodic oxidation that participates to sludge disintegration. Herein, a strategy with adding nitrate as electron acceptor to foster electronic transfer between the anode and cathode was proposed to improve anodic oxidation. Results showed that the average efficiency of anodic oxidation in the nitrate-added MEC increased by 55.9%. Accordingly, volatile suspended solid removal efficiency in the nitrate-added MEC was 21.9% higher than that of control MEC. Although the initial cumulative methane production in the nitrate-added MEC was lower than that of control MEC, the cumulative methane production in 24?days was 8.9% higher. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that anodic oxidation of MEC with nitrate accelerated the disintegration of sludge flocs and cell walls. Calculation on current signal further revealed that anodic oxidation driven by cathodic nitrate reduction was the main mechanism responsible for the improved sludge digestion.     

四级串联厌氧反应器对阿卡波糖废渣的减量处理

发酵生产阿卡波糖的过程会产生大量发酵废渣,该废渣处理成本高昂且易造成环境污染。因此,寻找高效环保和低成本的废渣减量处理方法,是目前亟需解决的问题。采用四级串联厌氧反应器对阿卡波糖废渣液进行减量处理,经过启动阶段和负荷提高阶段,共运行68 d。其中,负荷提高阶段增加水解酸化罐作为预处理工艺,两阶段有机负荷分别为1.16,3.32 kg/(m3·d)。结果表明:水解酸化罐作为预处理工艺可提高系统稳定性;系统运行后期可溶性COD去除率达83.3%,平均容积产气率为0.36 m3/(m3·d),废渣中固体物质的去除率达64%,在2—4号罐体底部观察到直径0.8~2 mm的颗粒污泥形成。     

超声波促进污泥过程减量化的研究进展及展望

随着污泥处理处置问题的日益严峻,基于清洁生产理念的污泥过程减量化技术已成为业界的研究热点。超声波以其"绿色、高效"在污泥过程减量化工艺中引起了广泛关注。探讨了超声波促进污泥过程减量化的机理和主要影响因素,概述了单独利用超声波及超声波与其他技术联用促进污泥过程减量化的研究现状,展望了低强度超声波在污泥过程减量化中的应用前景和研究方向。     

AQS对Shewanella oneidensis MR-1还原含Cd聚合硫酸铁絮体的影响

考察了一种典型的溶解性腐殖质蒽醌-2-磺酸钠(disodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate,AQS)存在时,典型异化铁还原菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1在厌氧条件下还原含镉聚铁絮体的过程。结果表明:AQS的存在促进了含Cd絮体中Fe(Ⅲ)的还原,也促进了Cd~(2+)的释放。相比无AQS体系,存在AQS的体系中,Fe~(2+)和Cd~(2+)达到最高浓度的时间均有所缩短,最高浓度也更高;且低浓度AQS的促进效果明显高于高浓度AQS;AQS的存在没有改变二次矿物的种类,仍是针铁矿和磁铁矿,但降低了矿物的结晶度,且AQS浓度越高,改变越明显。存在AQS的体系中,菌体结合的Cd~(2+)更多,且镉的直接释放和间接释放风险均增大,低浓度AQS体系中镉的直接释放风险更大。     

污水厂污泥典型处理处置工艺碳排放核算研究

污泥的处理与处置是污水厂运行过程中碳排放的主要产生源之一。基于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的方法学原则,构建污泥处理处置过程中产生的碳排放及碳汇的核算方法,并以某污水厂污泥的处理处置过程为例,计算其典型工艺下运行的碳排放量,分析其碳排放特征并提出减排建议。结果表明:深度脱水和填埋是污泥处理处置碳排放的主要来源;污泥厌氧消化产生的沼气用于消化温度维持和干化工艺,具有显著的减排效应;污泥土地利用具有低碳排放效应特征,是污泥处理处置低碳发展的优选模式。     

强化污泥利用水解反应器改善碳源与污泥减量作用研究

通过改进传统水解池,强化水解池中的初沉污泥水解,以改善优质碳源比例.强化污泥利用水解反应器集悬浮物的沉淀分离和污泥的水解酸化为一体,经强化污泥利用水解反应器处理后,废水中SS去除率达到81.4%,SS/BOD5由进水的2.4下降至0.4;SCOD/COD、COD0.45～5/COD分别提高了35.4%和17.7%,而COD>100/COD下降了53.2%;BOD5/TN从3.7提高至4.7;BOD5/TP从23.8提高至36.4.废水的碳源结构得到了改善.同时,在强化污泥利用水解反应器中完成了对污泥的处理,污泥水解率达到51.9%,实现了污泥的资源化与减量化.