外源Cd在不同类型土壤中的稳定化特征

为明晰镉(Cd)在不同类型土壤中的稳定化特征和有效性差异,以四川省6种主要的农耕土壤酸性紫色土、中性紫色土、石灰性紫色土、灰潮土、典型黄壤和漂洗黄壤为研究对象,通过土壤培养试验,对外源Cd进入土壤后的稳定化时间、化学形态和有效Cd含量进行了对比分析,进一步结合盆栽试验下各土壤中小白菜生物量和Cd含量,探讨了外源Cd在6种土壤中的化学行为和污染效应.结果表明：(1)6种土壤的有效Cd含量在外源Cd添加后的15 d内迅速降低,后趋于平稳.稳定后,漂洗黄壤和酸性紫色土的有效Cd含量显著高于其他4种土壤,石灰性紫色土最低(1.01 mg·kg^-1);(2)6种土壤中的Cd均以可交换态的占比最高(42.51%～56.07%),其次,漂洗黄壤和典型黄壤中的铁锰氧化物结合态Cd,石灰性紫色土中的碳酸盐结合态和灰潮土中的有机络合态Cd的占比相对较高;(3)低含量Cd处理下(0.5 mg·kg^-1),6种土壤中小白菜的生长均无明显抑制,生物量与对照无显著差异,但可食部位Cd含量却有不同程度地富集,表现为典型黄壤和漂洗黄壤显著高于其他4种土壤;高含量Cd处理下(...     

Constitutional tolerance to heavy metals of a fiber crop, ramie (Boehmeria nivea), and its potential usage

It is observed that ramie (Boehmeria nivea), an economic fiber crop, can establish and colonize metal-contaminated sites in China. Metal tolerance and accumulation by ramie originating from 13 metal-contaminated and 4 “clean” sites in China were compared under field and hydroponic conditions. All selected populations and germplasms displayed good growth performance under diverse metal-contaminated habitats; while growth responses, metal accumulation and tolerance were similar among the 8 populations and 2 germplasms when exposed to solutions containing elevated As, Cd, Pb, or Zn in the laboratory. These revealed that ramie possesses a certain degree of constitutional metal tolerance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of constitutional metal tolerance possessed by a fiber crop. Ramie can be considered as a good candidate for both fiber production and phytoremediation of sites contaminated by multi-metals, as it accumulates relative low metal concentrations, but possesses both high biomass and high economic value.     

Toxicity and subcellular distribution of cadmium in wheat as affected by dissolved organic acids

We aim to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA) and citric acid (CA) on the toxicity and subcellular distribution of Cd in wheat. Results show that the toxicity and uptake of Cd decreased with increasing HA. The EC₅₀ values of Cd increased from 3.36 μmol/L to 4.96 and 7.33 μmol/L at 50 and 250 mg/L HA, respectively, but decreased to 1.39 μmol/L in the presence of CA based on free ion activity model (FIAM). HA decreased the relative subcellular distribution of Cd in the heat-denatured proteins (decreased from 54% to 33%) but increased Cd in the heat-stable proteins in root (from 25% to 50%) at 7.61 μmol/L {Cd²⁺} (free Cd activity), which resulted in decreasing Cd toxicity. However, CA increased Cd toxicity due to the increased internalization of Cd although the relative subcellular distributions of Cd exhibited a decrease in the heat-denatured proteins and increase in the granule fraction compared to the control at high-level Cd. The FIAM could not predict the toxicity of Cd in the presence of organic acids. Alternatively, the internal Cd accumulation and subcellular Cd concentration were better to describe the toxicity of Cd to wheat.     

Shellac-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for removal of cadmium(II) ions from aqueous solution

This study describes a new effective adsorbent for cadmium removal from aqueous solution synthesized by coating a shellac layer, a natural biodegradable and renewable resin with abundant hydroxyl and carboxylic groups, on the surface of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging showed shellac-coated magnetic nanoparticle (SCMN) adsorbents had a core-shell structure with a core of 20 nm and shell of 5 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis suggested the occurrence of reaction between carboxyl groups on the SCMN adsorbent surface and cadmium ions in aqueous solution. Kinetic data were well described by pseudo second-order model and adsorption isotherms were fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich models with maximum adsorption capacity of 18.80 mg/g. SCMN adsorbents provided a favorable adsorption capacity under high salinity conditions, and cadmium could easily be desorbed using mild organic acid solutions at low concentration.     

镉和乙草胺复合污染对玉米生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了镉与乙草胺复合污染对玉米幼苗MDA含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,镉单独处理,低浓度下MDA的含量变化不大,当镉浓度大于30 mg/kg时,MDA的含量急剧上升;超氧化物歧化酶SOD、CAT在浓度为30 mg/kg时活性达到最高,之后随浓度的增大,其活性逐渐降低;POD的活性随着镉浓度的增大逐渐升高,且100 mg/kg时达到最高。镉与乙草胺复合处理,低镉浓度下MDA的含量与对照组CK相比差异显著,处理浓度越大,MDA含量越高;SOD、CAT的活性变化趋势与单镉处理时相类似,但变化幅度更加明显;POD的活性则随着浓度的增大继续升高。镉与乙草胺复合处理对玉米幼苗的毒害程度要大于单镉处理,并且施加乙草胺的浓度越大,玉米受毒害程度越深。     

镉-八氯代二苯并呋喃复合污染土壤中紫茉莉对镉的修复能力

针对土壤重金属-持久性有机物复合污染日益严重的现象,本研究以镉(Cd)和1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-八氯代二苯并呋喃(OCDF)为典型的重金属和持久性有机污染物,选取紫茉莉为修复植物,通过温室盆栽实验研究Cd-OCDF复合污染土壤中植物的耐性以及有机物对植物提取土壤中Cd能力的影响.结果表明种植3个月期间,紫茉莉在Cd浓度≤200 mg·kg-1的复合污染土壤中具有较强的耐性,株高和生物量降低有限;与Cd单一污染相比,OCDF对紫茉莉株高、根部生物量无显著影响,Cd浓度200 mg·kg-1,OCDF浓度500μg·kg-1时,OCDF存在使紫茉莉地上生物量降低22.19%,其它处理组,OCDF对紫茉莉地上生物量无显著抑制作用,反而某些处理组增加紫茉莉地上生物量.Cd-OCDF复合污染效应与Cd单一污染相比,Cd浓度为200 mg·kg-1,OCDF浓度为100μg·kg-1时,紫茉莉根部Cd积累量降低了34.44%,Cd浓度为400 mg·kg-1,OCDF浓度为100μg·kg-1时,根部和叶部Cd积累量分别降低了7.93%和18.09%;其它处理组,OCDF不同程度地提高了紫茉莉根、茎、叶提取和积累土壤中Cd的能力.可见,用紫茉莉修复高浓度Cd-OCDF复合污染土壤中的Cd具有实践上的可行性.     

硅肥耦合水分管理对复合污染稻田土壤As-Cd生物有效性及稻米累积阻控

选取湖南某矿区重金属镉、砷复合污染稻田土,以泰优390号为材料,通过盆栽试验研究湿润灌溉(CK)、农艺措施淹水(WF)、速溶硅肥结合淹水措施(FYsi)、矿物硅肥结合淹水措施(FKsi)及2种硅肥结合淹水(FYK)对土壤中As、Cd生物有效性及水稻糙米中As、Cd累积效应的影响.结果表明,淹水处理土壤p H值上升幅度为0.12~0.72个单位,均呈现先升高再下降,最后趋于中性的规律.淹水后,土壤Eh显著降低,FYsi、FKsi、FYK这3种配合硅肥的淹水处理土壤Eh值显著高于WF处理,与对照相比,淹水处理糙米中Cd含量降低了38.83%~65.05%,其中,WF、FYK处理对糙米Cd累积抑制效果最佳,糙米中Cd含量为0.98 mg·kg~(-1)、0.72 mg·kg~(-1);除WF处理糙米中As含量增加了36.64%外,FYsi、FKsi、FYK处理糙米中As的含量与对照相比分别降低了23.80%、38.10%、47.62%.FYsi、FYK处理对糙米As累积抑制效果最佳,糙米中As含量为0.13 mg·kg~(-1)、0.11 mg·kg~(-1).Cd各提取态含量与其在水稻糙米中的含量均呈现出极显著的正相关关系(P0.01);可交换态、TCLP提取态As与水稻糙米中As含量无显著相关关系.因此,FYsi、FKsi、FYK这3种施硅耦合淹水处理均可有效阻控稻米镉砷复合污染,其中FYK效果最佳.     

硅藻土负载纳米铁对Cd2+的吸附性能与机制研究

为了提高硅藻土(CDt)的吸附能力,采用NaBH_4液相还原二价铁法合成负载纳米铁的硅藻土颗粒(nZVI-CDt),运用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对nZVI-CDt进行表征,采用静态吸附法研究不同吸附条件对CDt和nZVI-CDt吸附Cd~(2+)的影响,并结合等温吸附属性、吸附过程控制步骤以及吸附动力学、热力学属性分析探讨了CDt和nZVI-CDt对Cd~(2+)的吸附机制.结果表明,负载纳米铁后,硅藻土的团聚现象得到改善,分散性更好,表面活性基团向有利于吸附方向发生变化,吸附能力得到显著提升,相对于CDt,nZVI-CDt对Cd~(2+)的吸附量提升了3.9倍;nZVI-CDt对Cd~(2+)的吸附较为迅速,20 min左右就可达到吸附平衡;随着投加量的增加,nZVI-CDt对Cd~(2+)的吸附量呈下降趋势,而初始浓度对Cd~(2+)的吸附影响则正好相反;相对于CDt,溶液初始pH值对nZVI-CDt吸附Cd~(2+)的影响明显减弱;nZVI-CDt对Cd~(2+)的吸附能力受温度影响不大;nZVI-CDt对Cd~(2+)的吸附符合Temkin等温吸附模型和拟二级动力学模型.吸附反应容易进行,且以物理吸附为主,吸附过程控制步骤为发生在微孔内的吸附反应.吸附热力学参数表明CDt和nZVI-CDt对Cd~(2+)的吸附是自发的吸热过程,且系统的无序性增加.     

河北省典型污灌区农田镉污染特征及环境风险评价

以河北省石家庄市典型历史污灌区农田为研究对象,对污灌区内土壤和小麦、玉米植株内Cd的含量进行分析,评价污灌区农田Cd污染程度、潜在生态风险和潜在健康风险.结果表明,上游污灌区和中下游污灌区土壤表层Cd含量分别为ND～3.88、0.10～2.30 mg·kg~(-1),明显高于清灌区(0.13～0.23 mg·kg~(-1))及河北土壤背景值(0.094 mg·kg~(-1)),超农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(0.3 mg·kg~(-1))点位分别达42.9%和35.2%;小麦和玉米籽粒平均Cd含量均未超标,小麦籽粒富集浓度高于玉米,污灌区小麦和玉米籽粒已出现明显累积现象.潜在生态风险表明上游污灌区和中下游污灌区表层土壤基本处于轻度～中度风险,部分区域生态风险较高～极高.健康风险评价结果表明Cd通过皮肤、呼吸、经口摄入暴露途径对人体健康造成的风险在可接受范围内.研究结果为污灌区农田土壤的安全利用和管理决策依据,并为开展农田土壤修复工程提供科学参考.     

四溴双酚A和镉复合污染对不同生物体的安全阈值

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）、斑马鱼（Zebrafish）作为受试生物,进行急性毒性试验,死亡率、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）为效应指标,采用基准剂量（BMD）法推导四溴双酚A （TBBPA）和镉（Cd）单一及联合暴露对不同生物体的安全阈值.结果表明,在本研究的试验剂量范围内,蚯蚓、斑马鱼TBBPA、Cd暴露剂量与死亡率、SOD、CAT活性效应指标存在明显剂量-效应关系.单一暴露下,CAT、SOD活性指标最敏感,蚯蚓和斑马鱼的TBBPA安全阈值分别为0.95,0.44mg/L,Cd安全阈值分别为71.17,0.42mg/L.联合暴露下安全阈值小于单一暴露.蚯蚓、斑马鱼TBBPA安全阈值分别为0.33,0.024mg/L,Cd为6.45,0.176mg/L.