抗大气复合污染的城市森林植物初步筛选

大气复合污染成为我国最主要的城市病之一.城市森林建设的植物选择除了达到景观要求和色彩效果外,根据各城市需求选择对污染物综合抗性阈值大的树种,成为当今环境污染背景下维持城市森林生态功能可持续发展的保障.综合分析我国常见城市森林537种植物对二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氟化氢、氯气、臭氧和颗粒物这6种大气污染物的吸附吸收能力,并对植物进行抗性赋值和综合因子分析,得出对大气复合污染综合抗性能力较强的树种主要为桑树、侧柏和臭椿等;对大气复合污染综合抗性中等的树种主要为毛白杨、五角枫、圆柏、山桃、垂柳、泡桐和油松等;对大气复合污染综合抗性相对较弱的树种主要为刺槐、加杨、银杏、核桃、悬铃木、栾树、紫薇和连翘等.根据中国南北方各城市气候背景、经济结构和空气污染特点,因地制宜选择对当地主要空气污染物吸收量较大的植物种类,充分发挥城市森林群落对复合空气污染物的最大净化效果.     

水分管理对硫铁镉在水稻根区变化规律及其在水稻中积累的影响

选取了酸性矿山废水污灌区重金属污染水稻土,通过盆栽试验研究了不同水分管理条件(60%最大田间持水量,80%最大田间持水量,最大田间持水量,前期淹水+抽穗扬花期烤田,全生育期淹水)下水稻根际土壤及其不同器官(稻根、茎叶和籽粒)中硫、Fe和Cd的含量变化.结果表明,随着土壤水分含量的增加,在分蘖期根际土壤中Cd的含量略有升高,在成熟期对水稻根际土壤中Fe和Cd含量的影响不大;水稻不同器官对铁的吸收逐渐增加,对Cd的吸收则逐渐减少,两者呈明显的负相关关系;但抽穗扬花期烤田对水稻各器官对Fe的吸收影响不大,却明显增加了各器官中Cd的含量.除旱作处理外,不同水分管理方式下,土壤中全硫和有效硫含量随着土壤水分含量增加逐渐减少,抽穗扬花期烤田能明显增加根际土壤中总硫和有效硫含量,水稻对Cd的吸收与根际硫含量增加存在协同关系.上述结果证实,水稻对Cd的吸收不仅与Fe吸收有关,土壤中硫的充分供给能显著增加Cd在水稻中的积累.     

Microbial diversity of soil bacteria in agricultural field contaminated with heavy metals

In this study we evaluated the bacterial diversity in a soil sample from a site next to a chemical industrial factory previously contaminated with heavy metals. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences amplified from DNA directly extracted from the soil revealed 17 different bacterial types （genera and/or species）. They included Polyangium spp., Sphingomonas spp., Variovorax spp., Hafina spp., Clostridia, Acidobacteria, the enterics and some uncultured strains. Microbes able to tolerate high concentrations of cadmium （500μmol/L and above） were also isolated from the soil. These isolates included strains of Acinetobacter （strain CD06）, Enterobacter sp. （strains CD01, CD03, CD04 and CD08） （similar strains also identified in culture-independent approach） and a strain of Stenotrophomonas sp. The results indicated that the species identified from direct analysis of 16S rDNA of the soil can be quite different from those strains obtained from enrichment cultures and the microbial activities for heavy metal resistance might be more appropriately addressed by the actual isolates.     

Combined remediation of DDT congeners and cadmium in soil by Sphingobacterium sp. D-6 and Sedum alfredii Hance

Combined pollution of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils is of great concern because they present serious risk to food security and human health.In order to develop a cost-effective and safe method for the removal of DDTs and Cd in soil,combined remediation of DDTs and Cd in soil by Sphingobacterium sp.D-6 and the hyperaccumulator,Sedum alfredii Hance was investigated.After treatment for 210 days,the degradation half-lives of DDTs in soils treated by strain D-6 decreased by 8.1% to 68.0% compared with those in the controls.The inoculation of strain D-6 into soil decreased the uptake of DDTs by pak choi and S.alfredii.The shoots/roots ratios of S.alfredii for the Cd accumulation ranged from 12.32 to 21.75.The Cd concentration in soil decreased to 65.8%-71.8% for S.alfredii treatment and 14.1%-58.2% for S.alfredii and strain D-6 combined treatment,respectively,compared with that in the control.The population size of the DDTs-degrading strain,Simpson index (1/D) and soil respiratory rate decreased in the early stage of treatment and then gradually increased,ultimately recovering to or exceeding the initial level.The results indicated that synchronous incorporation of strain D-6 and S.alfredii into soil was found to significantly (p 0.05) enhance the degradation of DDTs in soil and the hyperaccumulation of Cd in S.alfredii.It was concluded that strain D-6 and S.alfredii could be used successfully to control DDTs and Cd in contaminated soil.     

交通环境与城市行道树重金属铅和镉的关系

以南方常见的18种受到机动车污染的城市行道树及其对照树作为研究材料，用原子吸收分光光度法分析了其叶片和树皮的重金属含量以研究交通环境与城市行道树叶片的树皮含铅量及含镉量之间的关系。研究表明，不同的城市行道树吸收交通环境中重金属的量不同。城市行道树采样部位离杨车道水平距离越近，其树皮和叶片的含铅量和含镉量越高。     

不同土壤改良剂及其组合对降低大白菜镉和铅含量的作用

为寻求有效抑制污染土壤上大白菜对重金属镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的吸收、保持大白菜卫生品质的技术方法,利用土壤盆栽试验,对施用不同土壤改良剂及其组合降低大白菜地上部Cd和Pb含量的效应进行了比较研究.结果表明,施用改良剂对大白菜的生长具有促进作用,施用改良剂可升高土壤的pH值和降低土壤中的有效态Cd含量,施用改良剂可显著降低大白菜中Cd和Pb的含量.加入5.0 mg.kg-1 Cd,2种大白菜地上部的Cd含量在所有的改良剂处理下均超过了0.5 mg.kg-1.在投加Pb 1500 mg.kg-1后,2种大白菜在加入石灰+鸡粪+过磷酸钙后,其地上部Pb含量均小于2.0 mg.kg-1,可以满足大白菜在Pb(1500 mg.kg-1)污染土壤上的安全生产.     

铜尾矿复垦后土壤微生物活性及其群落功能多样性研究

对安徽铜陵五公里尾矿区三叶草复垦后的土壤微生物活性和群落的功能多样性研究表明,复垦后每克土壤微生物细菌数已达2.3×107个,并存在一定量耐Cu2 、Cd2 、Zn2 、Cr6 、Pb2 、Ni2 的菌株,但种类少,主要为芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和短杆菌属。BIOLOG测试结果显示,铜镉重金属离子的复合污染使土壤微生物群落丰富度降低;外源耐铜镉微生物菌剂的添加使尾矿区土壤微生物群落代谢剖面(AWCD)变化明显,提高微生物对单一碳源底物的利用能力,增加利用不同碳底物的微生物数量,减轻了重金属污染引起的土壤微生物群落功能多样性的下降,为尾矿区生境加速恢复提供一条有效途径。     

Pb污染对白菜的生态毒理效应研究（Ecotoxicological Effects of Pb on Brassice rapa）

采用水培方法研究了白菜种子和幼苗对Pb的富集能力与耐受性.实验设6个处理浓度,分别为0.2mg·L-1、0.4mg·L-1、0.8mg·L-1、1.6mg·L-1、3.2mg·L-1及对照,共培养7d,然后测定种子萌发抑制率、茎生长抑制率、根的耐性指数、叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量与铅的富集量.研究表明白菜幼苗对高浓度的Pb具有富集能力,根是主要的富集器官,根的最高富集量为75.46mg·L-1.Pb抑制白菜幼苗的营养生长,抑制白菜根的伸长.0.2mg·L-1处理浓度下,Pb促进白菜茎的生长,高浓度的Pb抑制白菜茎的生长.Pb抑制白菜体内叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量.铅影响白菜幼苗的正常生长,白菜对铅具有一定耐受性.     

模拟降水对碱性盐化土壤中镉的淋滤及形态变化的影响

采用人工模拟方式,试验研究了不同pH值的降水对碱性盐化土壤中镉的连续淋滤效果,分析了淋洗后土壤中镉的形态变化特征。结果表明,在不同pH值降水对土壤中镉的淋滤过程中,12h内基本上达到高峰,12h后镉的淋滤量较低,随着时间的延续镉的淋洗量基本保持不变;降水有利于土壤中的镉释放,且pH值越低,镉的释放量越高。土壤盐化对降水淋洗镉的效果有一定影响,氯化物的存在,有利于镉的淋滤,淋滤量增加值在18%～94%之间,随着淋洗液pH值的增加,镉的淋滤量增加幅度减少;与对照组土壤样品相比,淋洗液pH降低利于增大硫酸盐型盐化土壤中镉的淋滤量,当pH值为中性时,镉的淋滤量减少;苏打型盐化土壤镉的淋洗效果与硫酸盐型土壤相似。模拟降水淋洗后,土壤中镉的形态发生明显变化,与淋洗前相比,土壤中镉的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态的质量分数降低,随着淋洗液酸性的增加,降低幅度增大;镉的铁锰氧化态相对质量分数在淋洗后有所增加。     

Cadmium,copper, and zinc in carrots in Japan

Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in carrots obtained from different regions throughout Japan were assessed in a baseline study on the contents of trace metals in foods. These three metals were measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The geometric mean contents (with one geometric standard deviation indicated in parentheses) of Cd, Cu, and Zn were 0.02 (2.2), 0.7 (2.1), and 2.4 (1.6) mg?kg^?1 wet weight in carrots obtained in Japan. While there was a close relationship among the contents of the three metals in the carrots grown in Cambisols and Gleysols, a significant relationship was recognized only between the contents of Cd and Zn in those grown in Andosols and Fluvic Gleysols. Cd and Zn are classified as 2B metals in the periodic table of elements, and the authors speculate that the similarity of the metal characteristics between Cd and Zn may be responsible for the close relationship in the contents of the two metals, with no relation to the soil type.