Holly (Ilex Aquifolium L.) As Zinc and Cadmium Accumulative Indicator in Biogeochemical Prospecting

The results of previous investigations in mineralized and sterile areas of Tuscany (Italy) appeared to point out the special aptitude of holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) in concentrating cadmium and zinc. in the present paper this behaviour has been verified in a mineralized area of Lombardy (Northern Italy).

Samples of leaves, twigs and barks from holly trees were collected, and metal contents (Zn, Cd, and Pb) have been determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). for comparison, some samples of wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa L.) and soil were also analyzed.

The data obtained confirm a preferential cadmium and zinc accumulation by holly (up to 16 and 1400 μg g^-1 dry weight, respectively) also depending on different vegetal organs and vegetative stages of plants. Highest contents of lead have been recovered in the outer portion of bark.     

Using Citizen Science Programs to Identify Host Resistance in Pest‐Invaded Forests

Abstract: Threats to native forests from non‐native insects and pathogens (pests) are generally addressed with methods such as quarantine, eradication, biological control, and development of resistant stock through hybridization and breeding. In conjunction with such efforts, it may be useful to have citizen scientists locate rare surviving trees that may be naturally pest resistant or tolerant. The degree of resistance of individual trees identified in this way can be tested under controlled conditions, and the most resistant individuals can be integrated into plant breeding programs aimed at developing pest‐resistant native stock. Involving citizen scientists in programs aimed at identifying rare trees that survive colonization by pests provides a low‐cost means of maximizing search efforts across wide geographic regions and may provide an effective supplement to existing management approaches.     

A framework for dependability engineering of critical computing systems

This paper presents a development model focused on the production of dependable systems. Three classes of processes are distinguished: (1) the system creation process which builds on the classical development steps (requirements, design, realization, integration); (2) dependability processes (i.e. fault prevention, fault tolerance, fault removal and fault forecasting); and (3) other supporting processes such as quality assurance and certification. The proposed approach relies on the identification of basic activities for the system creation process and for the dependability processes, and then on the analysis of the interactions among the activities of each process and with the other processes. Finally, to support the development of dependable systems, we define for each system creation activity, a checklist that specifies the key issues that need to be addressed with respect to each dependability process.     

土壤重金属镉标准值差异比较研究与建议

伴随我国工农业生产的快速发展,土壤污染物超标等问题逐年加剧,由土壤镉污染导致水稻出现"镉米"等食品安全事件频发,引起社会对土壤镉环境标准的广泛关注.建立土壤环境标准是开展土壤环境质量现状评价的基础,世界各国虽皆以镉对动植物和人体健康影响的最大允许值作为定值的基础依据,但定值方法、标准应用目标各有侧重,因而标准限值差异较大.通过对国内外土壤重金属镉标准限值和我国土壤镉背景值的研究,给出了全国各省级行政区域土壤表层镉背景含量范围值和部分土壤类型镉背景含量范围值;报告了我国现行土壤镉环境质量标准存在的突出问题,提出土壤环境质量标准中应设置土壤镉梯度标准限值、有效态与总量标准限值并存以及严格区分人为污染与高背景等建议.     

钙信号对镉诱导河南华溪蟹细胞凋亡的调控

以河南华溪蟹(Sinopptamon henanense)为研究材料,采用生理生化和酶学组织化学等方法,通过不同时间(12、24、48、72和96 h)不同镉浓度(0、14.5、29、58 mg·L-1)处理,首先研究了镉对肝胰腺细胞内钙调素(CaM)含量、钙ATP酶(Ca2+-ATPase)活性和细胞凋亡的影响;然后用Ca2+抑制剂EGTA和LaCl3预处理河南华溪蟹后再进行镉处理,以分析Ca2+信号对镉诱导肝胰腺细胞凋亡的影响.结果显示,镉处理引起肝胰腺细胞CaM含量和Ca2+-ATPase活性显著升高,并且Caspase-3和Caspase-9被激活.用Ca2+抑制剂EGTA和LaCl3预处理华溪蟹4 h后,再用镉处理48 h,镉诱导的肝胰腺细胞Caspase-3和Caspase-9活性上升都被阻断.结果表明:镉处理引起河南华溪蟹肝胰腺细胞Ca2+浓度发生变化,并通过CaM等信号分子调控Caspase-3/9活性,进而引发细胞凋亡.     

Cr~(6+)污染对白菜的生态毒理效应研究

试验采用水培方法研究了白菜种子和幼苗对铬离子的富集能力与耐受性,铬离子对白菜叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素浓度的影响。结果表明随Cr6+浓度梯度的变化,白菜种子萌发抑制率的差异不显著,而对白菜生长起到明显的抑制作用。随Cr6+浓度梯度的升高,Cr6+对叶绿素a和叶绿素b的抑制作用加剧,Cr6+对叶绿素a的抑制效果更明显。白菜根对铬离子的富集量大于茎,根的富集能力最强。铬离子影响白菜幼苗的正常生长,白菜对铬离子具有一定耐受性。     

线性拟合法对水质中镉的测量不确定度评定研究

应用top-down技术中的线性拟合法,通过对不同浓度标准样品的多次重复测定,利用方差分析确保校准曲线处于偏倚受控状态,并运用控制图技术对回归曲线的变异进行动态监控。在期间精密度条件下,通过合并较低和较高两个浓度标准样品检测结果方差的方法,对电感耦合等离子体质谱法测量水中镉的不确定度进行估计。这种方法避免了复杂的分量计算,减小了易造成失误的风险,有助于仪器分析领域的不确定度评定。     

蒙脱石-OR-SH复合体材料对土壤镉的钝化及机制

通过吸附解吸实验、盆栽实验及材料的表征测试分析,探讨了蒙脱石-OR-SH复合体对土壤中Cd的钝化效果和机制.结果表明,蒙脱石改性后对镉的饱和吸附容量明显提高;蒙脱石-OR-SH复合体对Cd2+的吸附很稳定,不易解吸;在原土、Cd 3mg·kg-1和Cd 10 mg·kg-1污染土上,添加蒙脱石-OR-SH复合体能够不同程度地提高作物产量,小白菜Cd含量分别比对照降低61.00%、62.10%和83.73%.表征测试显示,Cd成功地吸附到了复合体上,并与巯基发生了配位反应,复合体表面的絮状物增多.蒙脱石-OR-SH复合体与镉的反应机制除了静电吸附、离子交换吸附和羟基配位吸附外,主要存在巯基配位吸附.     

铜绿假单胞菌ZGKD2的重金属耐性机制研究

从煤矸石中分离的耐Cd2+铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)ZGKD2具有多种重金属耐性,研究其铁载体产生特征和重金属耐性机制对于开发土壤重金属污染修复技术具有重要意义.在牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基中分别添加200～3 000μmol.L-1的Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+、Pb2+或Mn2+等重金属,ZGKD2菌株的最大生长量随着重金属浓度的增加而降低,不同浓度重金属对ZGKD2菌株产碱能力无明显影响.ZGKD2菌株生长进入稳定期时,用0、200、600、1 000μmol.L-1的Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+或0、1 000、2 000、3 000μmol.L-1的Pb2+、Mn2+处理2 h,SOD和CAT活性随重金属浓度增加而增加.ZGKD2菌株在MSA培养基中能产生铁载体,200～1 000μmol.L-1的重金属Cd2+或Zn2+可显著诱导铁载体的产生,Ni2+和Mn2+的作用较小,Cu2+则抑制;ZGKD2菌株的产铁载体能力与重金属耐性能力相关.这些结果表明ZGKD2菌株的产碱、产铁载体特性以及抗氧化酶活性提高可能是其耐重金属的主要机制.     

30CrMnSiA镀镉层厚度优化研究

目的基于GJB 594A《金属镀覆层和化学覆盖层选择原则与厚度系列》,综合考虑防腐蚀和疲劳性能,对30CrMnSiA镀镉层厚度进行优化。方法开展30CrMnSiA镀镉5个厚度系列的疲劳试验,计算材料的DFRcutoff,研究镀层厚度对疲劳性能的影响。通过中性盐雾试验,研究镀层厚度对材料抗腐蚀性能的影响规律,最后综合考虑疲劳及抗腐蚀性能,提出优化后的镀镉层厚度范围。结果镀层厚度控制在5~25μm时,材料的DFRcutoff下降幅度在15%以内,厚度超过25μm后基体材料的DFR_(cutoff)值下降20%。在中性盐雾环境下,厚度控制在12~25μm时,能满足海军飞机一般钢结构件抗腐蚀性能的要求,当厚度超过25μm后,继续增加镀层厚度对抗腐蚀性能的提升并不明显。结论镀镉使材料的疲劳性能降低,其抗中性盐雾腐蚀能力与镀层厚度成正比。针对海军飞机使用环境特点,推荐30CrMnSiA钢结构件的镀镉厚度范围为12~18μm,取上限值。