叶面喷施纳米MnO2对水稻富集镉的影响机制

镉（Cd）容易被水稻富集,从而造成稻米中Cd含量超标,严重威胁人类健康.锰（Mn）是植物必需元素,为了探究叶面喷施纳米MnO₂对水稻富集Cd的影响机制,本研究在酸性Cd污染土壤上进行田间小区试验,在水稻抽穗早期叶面喷施0.1%、0.3%和0.5%的纳米MnO₂溶液.结果表明与对照组相比,叶面喷施不同浓度的纳米MnO₂可以有效降低水稻叶、壳和糙米中的Cd含量,增加所有部位的Mn含量,但对水稻的产量影响不大.叶面喷施纳米MnO₂后,提高了叶片光合作用效果,抑制了叶片脂质过氧化,增加了氧化应激酶的含量,从而缓解Cd对水稻的胁迫.此外,叶面喷施纳米MnO₂增加了水稻根表铁锰胶膜的含量,强化了铁锰胶膜对Cd的吸附/共沉淀作用,从而限制水稻根系吸收Cd.因此,在水稻抽穗早期叶面喷施纳米MnO₂是一种增加糙米中Mn含量和减少Cd含量的有效措施.     

CdI42-·Fe(phen)32+离子对1,2-二氯乙烷萃取光度法测定水中痕量镉的研究

研究萃取光度法测定痕量Cd的最佳实验条件,结果表明,λ_max=512nm,ε=2.42×10⁶L·mol^-1·cm^-1,相对标准偏差为2.6%(自来水)和3.1%(河水).水样中Cd的含量在0-1μg/25ml范围内服从比尔定律。应用于自来水及河水中Cd的测定,结果令人满意。     

砷、矾与镉交互作用及其对土壤吸附镉的影响

研究了砷、矾与镉交互作用及其对土壤吸附镉的影响 .结果表明 :江西红壤、海南砖红壤、湖南红壤和北京褐土等四种土壤吸附镉的等温线符合Freundlich方程 ,吸附常数K的大小顺序为 :北京褐土 >湖南红壤 >江西红壤 >海南砖红壤 .pH值是决定土壤吸附镉的关键因素之一 ,砷和矾的存在可促进土壤对镉的吸附     

紫云英还田配施石灰对水稻镉吸收转运的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了紫云英(CMV)与石灰(L)单施及两者配施(CMVL)对土壤Cd有效性、水稻根表胶膜及Cd吸收转运的影响.结果表明:L与CMVL处理土壤pH值分别显著提高2.11～2.43和1.68～2.48个单位、二乙烯三胺五乙酸提取态(DTPA-Cd)含量分别显著降低18.88％～40.53％和20.74％...     

Impact of desiccation and heat exposure stress on Salmonella tolerance to acidic conditions

In a recent study, the pH of commonly used Salmonella pre-enrichment media became acidic (pH 4.0 to 5.0) when feed or feed ingredients were incubated for 24 h. Acidic conditions have been reported to injure or kill Salmonella. In this study, cultures of four known feed isolates (S. montevideo, S. senftenberg, S. tennessee, and S. schwarzengrund) and four important processing plant isolates (S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. infantis, and S. heidelberg) were grown on meat and bone meal and later subjected to desiccation and heat exposure to stress the microorganism. The impact of stress on the isolates ability to survive in acidic conditions ranging from pH 4.0 to 7.0 was compared to the non-stressed isolate. Cell injury was determined on xylose lysine tergitol 4 (XLT4) and cell death determined on nutrient agar (NA). When measured by cell death in non-stressed Salmonella, S. typhimurium was the most acid tolerant and S. heidelberg was the most acid sensitive whereas in stressed Salmonella, S. senftenberg was the most acid tolerant and S. tennessee was the most acid sensitive. The pH required to cause cell injury varied among isolates. With some isolates, the pH required for 50% cell death and 50% cell injury was similar. In other isolates, cell injury occurred at a more neutral pH. These findings suggest that the pH of pre-enrichment media may influence the recovery and bias the serotype of Salmonella recovered from feed during pre-enrichment.     

High level of nickel tolerance and metal exclusion identified in silver maple (Acer saccharinum)

Nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) are the most prevalent metals found in the Greater Sudbury Region ecosystems. The main objectives of this study are to (1) assess silver maple (Acer saccharinum) tolerance to different doses of Ni and (2) determine the translocation pattern of metals in A. sacharinum. This study revealed that A. sacharinum is highly tolerant to high doses of NI (1600 and 9200?mg/kg). Growth chamber screening trials revealed that Ni is stored in roots and does not translocate to other plant parts. Analysis of samples from A. sacharinum growing for >30 years in soil contaminated with metals also showed that the levels of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), Ni, and zinc (Zn) were significantly higher in roots compared with soils and aerial parts. On the other hand, the amount of Cu was higher in soil compared with roots and other plant parts. In fact, the bioaccumulation factors (BFs) were 0.29, 2.00, 3.6, 1.9, and 4.0 for Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn, respectively. The translocation from roots to aerial parts showed an insignificant level of movement of Cu, Fe, and Ni. Hence, A. saccharinum is classified as excluder for Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn, and avoider for Cu.     

Effects of Cd2+ exposure on key life history traits and activities of four metabolic enzymes in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidopteran: Noctuidae)

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential element accumulated easily in living organisms due to its non-biodegradable nature. A slight increase in Cd levels will threaten the health of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Therefore, Cd contamination and its effects on the ecosystems and organisms have become a major topic of eco-toxicological research. The present study investigated the eco-toxicological effects of Cd-supplemented diet on some life history traits and specific enzyme activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. The results showed that Cd significantly decreased larval survival, pupation and emergence, and reduced body mass of the sixth instar larvae, pupae, adult moths and female fecundity. Cd-supplemented diet also delayed the development of larvae and pupae and shortened the life span of the cotton bollworm moth. In addition, dietary Cd inhibited the activities of GST, CarE and P450, but increased AChE activity of the sixth instar larvae. We concluded that life history traits and metabolic enzymes are sensitive to Cd stress in the cotton bollworm. These parameters are potential biomarkers for monitoring environmental stress in Lepidopteran insect pests.     

Combined effects of copper and cadmium on Chlorella pyrenoidosa H.Chick: subcellular accumulation,distribution, and growth inhibition

Disposal of waste into aquatic ecosystems may cause microalgae to be exposed to various metals, e.g. copper and cadmium. The effects caused by combinations of metals may be more serious. Evaluations of subcellular fate, bioaccumulation, and biological effects of metals on aquatic organisms are generally derived from experiments with individual metals. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of exposure of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium in combination on subcellular accumulation, distribution, and growth. The algae were exposed for 72 h to copper at concentrations of 13 – 25 µmol L^?1, cadmium at about 6 µmol L^?1, and combinations thereof. The levels of copper and cadmium in subcellular organelles, heat-denaturated protein, metal-rich granules, and heat-stable protein were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Exposure of C. pyrenoidosa to copper and cadmium in combination inhibited growth more strongly than copper and cadmium individually. Highest accumulation was observed in metal-rich granules and heat-stable proteins. Administration of both metals in combination affected their subcellular distribution: copper was mainly distributed into the metal-rich granules (70%–80%) and heat-stable proteins (9%–24%), cadmium in the metal-rich granules (88%–98%).     

腐殖酸存在下镉和铅对土壤脱氢酶活性的影响

采用室内培养试验研究Cd和Pb污染红壤添加不同组分腐殖酸后,其脱氢酶活性的变化,结果表明,红壤遭受镉和铅污染后,脱氢酶活性显著降低,然而腐殖酸特别是胡敏酸的存在能够使脱氢酶活性得到显著回升,说明腐殖酸与重金属的相互作用对重金属污染土壤微生物活性的改善和修复功能,对土壤有一定的去污降毒作用.不同腐殖酸组分的效应大小为:灰色胡敏酸(GHA)>棕色胡敏酸(BHA)>富里酸(FA),表明分子量愈大、芳构化程度愈高的腐殖酸组分,其对重金属的钝化愈强,从而解除土壤重金属对生物毒害的能力愈强.     

Temporal-spatial distribution and variability of cadmium contamination in soils in Shenyang Zhangshi irrigation area, China

Heavy metal contamination in soils has been of wide concern in China in the last several decades. The heavy metal contamination was caused by sewage irrigation, mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides and so on. The Shenyang Zhangshi irrigation area （SZIA） in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years duration. This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium contamination in the SZIA. The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004; Cd of soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd in soils was modelled using kriging methods. The kriging map showed that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd contamination in topsoil and subsoil. In 2004, the Cd mean concentrations were 1.698 and 0.741 mg/kg, and the maxima 10.150 and 7.567 mg/kg in topsoils （0-20 cm） and subsoils （20-40 cm） respectively. These values are markedly more than the Cd levels in the second grade soil standard in China. In 1990, the Cd means were 1.023 and 0.331 mg/kg, and the maxima 9.400 and 3.156 mg/kg, in topsoils and subsoils respectively. The soil area in 1990 with Cd more than 1.5 mg/kg was 2701 and 206.4 hnl2 in topsoils and subsoils respectively; and in 2004, it was 7592 and 1583 hm^2, respectively. Compared with that in 1990, the mean and maximum concentration of Cd, as well as the soil area with Cd more than 1.5 mg/kg had all increased in 2004, both in topsoils and subsoils.