Introduction of the Factor of Partitioning in the Lithogenic Enrichment Factors of Trace Element Bioaccumulation in Plant Tissues

Bioindicators are widely used in the study of trace elements inputs into the environment and great efforts have been conducted to separate atmospheric from soil borne inputs on biomass accumulation. Many monitoring studies of trace element pollution take into account the dust particles located in the plant surface plus the contents of the plant tissues. However, it is usually only the trace element content in the plant tissues that is relevant on plant health. Enrichment factor equations take into account the trace element enrichment of biomasses with respect soil or bedrocks by comparing the ratios of the trace element in question to a lithogenic element, usually Al. However, the enrichment equations currently in use are inadequate because they do not take into account the fact that Al (or whichever reference element) and the element in question may have different solubility-absorption-retention levels depending on the rock and soil types involved. This constrain will become critical when results from different sites are compared and so in this article we propose that the solubility factors of each element are taken into account in order to overcome this constrain. We analysed Sb, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, V, Zn, Cu, As, Hg, and Al concentration in different zones of Catalonia (NE Spain) using the evergreen oak Quercus ilex and the moss Hypnum cupressiforme as target species. We compared the results obtained in rural and non industrial areas with those from the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. We observed differences in Al concentrations of soils and bedrocks at each different site, together with the differences in solubility between Al and the element in question, and a weak correlation between total soil content and water extract content through different sites for most trace elements. All these findings show the unsuitability of the current enrichment factors for calculating lithospheric and atmospheric contributions to trace element concentrations in biomass tissues. The trace element enrichment factors were calculated by subtracting the part predicted by substrate composition (deduced from water extracts from soils and bedrock) from total concentrations. Results showed that for most of the trace elements analysed, trace elements enrichment factors were higher inside the Barcelona Metropolitan Area than outside, a finding that indicates that greater atmospheric inputs occur in urban areas. The results show that the most useful and correct way of establishing a reference for lithospheric and atmospheric inputs into the plant tissues is, first, to analyse samples of the same plant species collected from a number of sites possessing similar environmental conditions (climate, vegetation type, soil type) and, second, to use this new enrichment factor obtained by subtracting from the total concentration in plant tissue the predicted contribution of soil or bedrock extracts instead of that of total soil or bedrock concentrations.     

Health Risks Associated with Predicted Increase of Cadmium in Cultivated Soils and in the Diet

We have assessed the change of the dietary intake and the potential health risks of cadmium in Finland, assuming that a high level of cadmium in fertilizers (138 mg Cd/kg P) would prevail for the next 100 years. Soil measurements and modelling were used to derive the predicted level of cadmium in foods. In three important cultivars, wheat, potato and sugar beet, the cadmium concentration would increase by 20–35%. Consequently, the average dietary intake of cadmium in Finland would increase from 7.9 to 10.0 μg/day, corresponding with the urinary level of about 0.2 μg/l, a level that has not been associated with effects on the human health. However, in the risk group with 1) high dietary intake of cadmium, 2) elevated gastrointestinal absorption, and 3) tobacco smoking, the estimated urinary level of cadmium would be 2.0 μg/l. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that urinary level of 1–2 μg Cd/l is associated with an increased risk of bone demineralization and fractures, and 2–4 μg Cd/l with pre-clinical kidney damage. People characterized by more than one of the above-mentioned risks factors, may develop the adverse health effects at an old age, when cadmium has accumulated in the body.     

重金属镉在线监测仪器性能对比

污染源在线监测仪器的准确性、实时性、连续性与污染源在线监测系统数据可靠性紧密相关。选取7种不同品牌的镉在线监测仪器,综合评价其在线测定性能。结果表明,5种镉在线监测仪器的线性误差、相对误差、量程漂移小于10%,重现性误差、零点漂移均小于5%,能较好地应用于镉的在线监测。     

β射线法空气PM_(10)监测结果的准确性探讨

目前国内有很多地市使用β射线法仪器监测空气PM10,本文结合实际,在国内PM10连续自动监测质量控制体系相对薄弱且国家尚未开展标准膜片检定与溯源的情况下,对在用β射线法仪器PM10监测结果的准确性进行了一些实验探讨,期望能提供给同行参考。     

改性累托石对镉离子吸附性能的研究

将天然累托石进行处理制备改性累托石.在静态条件下,研究了改性累托石对重金属离子Cd2 的吸附容量、等温吸附等吸附性能,同时探讨了影响吸附的因素和吸附机理.结果表明,改性累托石对Cd2 的吸附容量高.在20℃,pH=5.0～7.0、Cd2 浓度0～100 mg/L范围内,按镉与改性累托石质量比为1∶20投加改性累托石进行处理,吸附时间为90min,Cd2 去除率可达96%以上,改性累托石对Cd2 的吸附在实验浓度范围内符合符合Freundlich方程.     

镉污染土壤中镉的形态分析及植物修复技术研究

选取沈阳张士污灌区土壤样品,采用Tessier连续提取法研究土壤中镉形态分布。结果表明,在该污灌区土壤中,镉主要以可交换态和铁-锰氧化物结合态为主。两者各占总量的32.4%和33.8%。这表明该地区土壤中镉的活性较高,易于被植物吸收,具有较大的迁移性。盆栽试验和野外采样分析测试的结果表明萝卜和蒲公英的地上部对镉富集系数均>1,且地上部镉含量大于根部镉的含量,具有金属富集植物的特征和植物修复的潜力,有待于进一步研究。     

强抗镉蜡状芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其抗性机理

从北京市远郊东三岔地区废弃的铅锌尾矿中筛选到1株强抗镉的细菌.通过细菌形态学观察、扫描电镜、X射线衍射能谱分析、甲基乙酰甲醇试验与酪氨酸水解试验等特征生理生化试验、菌株“G＋C mol%”值以及16S rDNA扩增与序列测定,鉴定此菌株为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）.分离菌株可以在镉浓度为1?000 mg/L的固体培养基平板上生长,表明菌株具有强抗镉的能力.进一步分析了菌株在添加Cd²⁺与未添加Cd²⁺的液体培养基中的生长曲线,并通过质粒消除试验证明该菌株的抗镉性质与抗性质粒的存在有关.     

壳聚糖改性凹凸棒土对重金属离子的吸附

采用浸渍法将壳聚糖负载在凹凸棒土上,制备了改性的凹凸棒土。用该吸附剂吸附溶液中Pb^2＋,Cd^2＋的实验结果表明：未负载壳聚糖时,凹凸棒土对Cd^2＋的吸附率为55%;当负载壳聚糖的质量分数为0.04时,凹凸棒土对Cd^2＋的吸附率达最大值（为91%）,对Pb2＋的吸附率也达最大值（为75%）。其吸附行为符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和Freundlich等温吸附方程。该吸附剂可重复使用。     

δ-MnO2的制备及其对水中Cd2+的吸附

利用溶液中MnSO4与KMnO4之间的氧化还原反应制备了δ-MnO2。用透射电镜和BET法对δ-MnO2进行了表征。实验结果表明：δ-MnO2比表面积为324.58m^2/g,孔体积为0.39cm^3/g,孔径为4.82nm。对Cd2＋的吸附实验结果表明：δ-MnO2对Cd2＋具有很强的吸附能力,吸附作用强烈依赖体系的pH,吸附边界pH为2.50;pH为6.05时Cd2＋的吸附率为98.5%。宏观的吸附-解吸热力学实验证明：当pH为3.30时,为可逆吸附;当pH为6.05时,吸附过程存在固体浓度效应,为不可逆吸附。吸附过程主要为一价阳离子的交换吸附。     

螯合剂对土壤中镉赋存形态及其生物有效性的影响

以胡萝卜作为试验植物,研究了EDTA,EGTA,DTPA和柠檬酸四种螯合剂对土壤中Cd的赋存形态及生物有效性的影响.结果表明,在碱性土壤中,加入螯合剂EDTA,EGTA和DTPA都能显著改变土壤中Cd的赋存形态,增加有效态Cd的百分比含量,改善Cd的生物有效性;但施加柠檬酸对Cd的赋存形态没有产生明显影响,各形态组成与对照组基本一致.同时,试验结果还显示,胡萝卜中Cd含量随着添加螯合剂浓度的增加先增大而后有所降低,但除柠檬酸处理组外,均明显高于对照组,表明四种螯合剂均能增强胡萝卜对Cd的吸收,且以EGTA效果最佳,EDTA和DTPA次之,柠檬酸最差.