复合改良剂FZB对砷镉污染土壤的修复效果

通过小白菜盆栽种植试验,研究了复合改良剂FZB(硫酸铁+沸石+改性生物炭)在不同施加量条件下对土壤基本理化性质、As和Cd的生物有效性和赋存形态,以及小白菜累积转运As和Cd的影响.结果表明,在砷镉复合污染农田土壤中,施用复合改良剂FZB后,小白菜根际土壤pH、有机质含量和阳离子交换量均呈现上升趋势;土壤中有效态As和...     

Cd对前沟藻(Amphidinium hoefleri)生产二甲基硫(DMS)影响的实验研究

为了探讨Ｃｄ污染对海藻ＤＭＳ生产的可能影响,以模拟实验方法,为期３周进行Ｃｄ对海洋甲藻类的前沟藻（Ａｍｐｈｉｄｉｎｉｕｍ ｈｏｅｆｌｅｒｉ）生产ＤＭＳ的实验室研究。结果表明,Ｃｄ可以抑制前沟藻种数数量的增长,对照组藻细胞最大数量是高浓度组（１０ｍｇ／Ｌ）的２５倍;Ｃｄ可以促进前沟藻细胞生产ＤＭＳ,其中高浓度组细胞ＤＭＳ产率大约是对照组的１０倍;Ｃｄ对藻数量的抑制作用和对藻生产ＤＭＳ的促进作用共同作     

镉免疫毒性机理的初步探讨

从免疫细胞功能调控因素初步探讨镉免疫毒性机理0.3－2.4mg/kg/d氯化镉连续给小鼠灌胃14d,观察免疫器官重量及免疫功能、淋巴细胞内钙离子浓度、钙调素（CaM）含量、巨噬细胞内NO、O₂^－、H₂O₂变化。结果是0.3－2.4mg/kg/d氯化镉对免疫器官重量未见有明显影响,但0.3mg/kg/d组腹腔灌洗液巨噬细胞总数减少、体液免疫和巨噬细胞吞噬功能抑制,淋巴细胞胞内钙离于增加、钙调素呈下降趋势,巨噬细胞NO生成、O₂^－减少、H₂O₂有减少趋势体外试验50μmol/L氯化镉出现抑制淋巴细胞转化、IL－2减少、胞内钙离子增加、CaM含量降低趋势认为镉免疫毒性可能与其引起淋巴细胞钙稳态失衡密切相关     

黄河水中悬浮粒子对镉离子的交换吸附等温线

研究了黄河水中悬浮粒子对 Cd²⁺ 的交换吸附等温线以及赖氨酸和门冬氨酸对吸附作用的影响．研究结果得到一类具有一个“拐点”、两个“平台”的新型河流等温线,用分级离子交换等温式求出平衡常数 K₁ 和 K₂ ．当低浓度的氨基酸存在时,对镉与悬浮粒子的交换吸附起促进作用．促进作用的程度与氨基酸的等电点有关,赖氨酸的促进作用较门冬氨酸大．     

Tolerance of an Albino Fish to Ultraviolet-B Radiation

We exposed albino and pigmented medakaOryzias latipes to simulated solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation to determine if albino medaka were less tolerant of UVB radiation than medaka pigmented with melanin. There was no difference in the number of albino and pigmented medaka that died during the exposure period. Spectrophotometric analyses of the outer dorsal skin layers from albino and pigmented medaka indicated that, prior to exposure, both groups of fish had similar amounts of an apparent colorless non-melanin photoprotective substance that appears to protect other fish species from UVB radiation. Our results indicate that albino medaka were as tolerant of UVB radiation as pigmented medaka because they had similar amounts of this photoprotective substance in the outer layers of the skin.     

Interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and bacterial loads of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

Pollution by toxic metals including cadmium (Cd) and hypoxia are important stressors in estuaries and coastal waters which may interactively affect sessile benthic organisms, such as oysters. We studied metabolic responses to prolonged hypoxic acclimation (2 weeks at 5% O₂) in control and Cd-exposed (30 d at 50 μg L⁻¹ Cd) oysters Crassostrea virginica, and analyzed the effects of these stressors on abundance of Vibrio spp. in oysters. Hypoxia-acclimated oysters retained normal standard metabolic rates (SMR) at 5% O₂, in contrast to a decline of SMR observed during acute hypoxia. However, oysters spent more time actively ventilating in hypoxia than normoxia resulting in enhanced Cd uptake and 2.7-fold higher tissue Cd burdens in hypoxia. Cd exposure led to a significant decrease in tissue glycogen stores, increase in free glucose levels and elevated activity of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase and aldolase) indicating a greater dependence on carbohydrate catabolism. A compensatory increase in activities of two key mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase) was found during prolonged hypoxia in control oysters but suppressed in Cd-exposed ones. Cd exposure also resulted in a significant increase in abundance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus levels during normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. Overall, Cd- and hypoxia-induced changes in metabolic profile, Cd accumulation and bacterial flora of oysters indicate that these stressors can synergistically impact energy homeostasis, performance and survival of oysters in polluted estuaries and have significant consequences for transfer of Cd and bacterial pathogens to the higher levels of the food chain.     

兰坪铅锌尾矿区土壤与自然发生的5种植物的研究

对兰坪铅锌尾矿区的土壤和自然发生植物的调查分析发现:该尾矿区土壤污染以Cd最为严重,是云南土壤背景值的350倍,其次是以Pb、Zn为主.尾矿区重金属含量随堆积时间而减少,尾矿边缘重金属含量明显低于中心.尾矿区自然发生多种植物类群,绝大多数植物类群零星发生,仅有5种植物为优势类群.5种优势植物对铅锌富集和耐性研究表明,这...     

光合细菌改善Cd、Pb及呋喃丹污染土壤的微生物群落DNA序列多样性的研究

应用DNA随机扩增多态性(RAPD)分子标记技术研究了光合细菌(PSB)对Cd、Pb及呋喃丹污染土壤的微生物群落DNA序列多样性的影响.结果表明,Cd、Pb及呋喃丹单一污染或3者复合污染土壤的微生物群落DNA序列的丰富度相对对照土样(S0)都有不同程度的增加,受Cd、Pb或呋哺丹污染,可能会引起土壤微生物群落DNA序列...     

海带对镉的吸附动力学与热力学研究

采用批量平衡法研究了海带对镉的吸附的动力学与热力学,并采用Lagrange假一级动力学方程、假二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温线方程、Freundlich等温线方程以及Dubimim-Radushkevich等温线方程对实验数据进行了拟合.结果表明,在4种温度下海带对镉的吸附率均随吸附反应时间增加而增大,在60 min时达到最大,此后基本保持不变,随着温度由20℃升高至50℃,其最大吸附率呈下降趋势,由90.2%降至77.5%;海带对镉的吸附动力学符合Lagrange假二级动力学方程;海带对镉的吸附热力学符合Langmuir等温线方程和Dubimim-Radushkevich等温线方程,表明吸附主要发生在海带表面的活性区位,属于单分子层吸附,其吸附平均活化自由能E为11.4 kJ/mol,表明该吸附过程为化学吸附,在4种温度下吉布斯自由能变化量△AG°均为负值,吸附焓变△H°也为负值,表明海带对镉的吸附为放热反应,能自发进行.     

重金属面源污染模拟及其不确定性分析——以湘江株洲段镉污染为例

基于我国现有的环境数据条件,将复杂的分布式水文、泥沙模拟（采用SWAT模型）与简化的输出系数方法进行有效整合,建立了可实际应用的流域重金属面源污染负荷模型。应用所建模型对湘江株洲段所属汇水区域的镉面源污染进行动态模拟,并进行不确定性分析。模拟结果显示,研究区镉面源污染负荷总量约为2 435kg/a,受污染土壤对于镉面源负荷量贡献率达657%。土壤侵蚀过程对研究区的面源污染过程起控制作用,因此,土壤污染防治和水土保持是该区域镉面源污染管理的关键。土壤污染程度高且易侵蚀的地区（如清水塘工业区及其邻近地区）是防治的重点区域,而每年的4月和5月是防治的重点时期。不确定性分析结果显示,超过50%的概率下,研究区镉面源负荷总量处于2 000～3 000 kg/a这一范围,但仍有可能低于1 500 kg/a或高于4 000 kg/a