高硒高镉区土地安全区划方法

湖北恩施地区土壤中硒资源非常丰富,但土壤中也存在一定程度的镉污染风险,为了科学地开发富硒资源,选择典型高硒高镉区恩施市沙地乡为研究对象,结合玉米镉硒吸收模型,提出土地安全区划方法.对比硒的健康效应对土地安全区划结果的影响发现,硒对镉的拮抗作用可以减少农耕区严格管控区面积,提高土地利用效率.结合研究区各类农作物中镉硒的含量特征,建议优先保护区及安全利用区大力发展富硒农产品,结构调整区种植玉米与茶叶.     

磷酸改性生物炭负载硫化锰去除废水中重金属镉

采用磷酸作为活化剂对黍糠生物炭进行改性,得到富含活性官能团的功能性生物炭（fCBC）,并将其作为硫化锰（MnS）的载体,最终成功制备出硫化锰负载的磷酸改性生物炭（MnS-fCBC）,可用于水体中镉（Cd）的高效去除.系统评价了初始浓度、初始pH值以及MnS-fCBC投加量对于吸附反应的影响. MnS-fCBC表现出优越的吸附Cd的能力,在初始Cd浓度为200mg/L、pH=6和投加量1g/L的条件下,MnS-fCBC对于Cd的吸附容量最大,达145.15mg/g.吸附反应受pH值影响显著,在偏酸性条件下能取得较好的去除效果.通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）和拉曼光谱仪（Raman）对MnS-fCBC进行结构表征分析,结合批次试验探讨了Cd的去除机理.结果表明,表面络合和化学沉淀是Cd去除的主要机理.材料的回用性能试验显示,在5次循环使用后,材料依然有较高的Cd去除能力,表明其具有较高的可重用性.因此,MnS-fCBC可作为一种高效的Cd吸附剂,应用于含Cd废水处理.     

Cd2+与环丙沙星共存时在石英砂中的吸附特征及作用机理

为探讨重金属与兽药抗生素共存时在土壤及地下水砂层中的吸附行为及机理,以重金属镉（Cd）和环丙沙星（Ciprfloxacin,CIP）为研究对象,石英砂为介质,通过批平衡实验法,研究不同Cd²⁺浓度、pH及离子强度等因素下Cd²⁺与环丙沙星共存时在石英砂上的吸附行为及其交互影响.结果表明：①环丙沙星在石英砂上的吸附可分为两个阶段,6 h内为快速吸附,6~24 h为慢速吸附,24 h后达到吸附平衡;Cd²⁺在石英砂上的吸附表现为瞬时吸附,且吸附行为不受环丙沙星浓度的影响;环丙沙星在石英砂上的吸附动力学过程用伪二级动力学模型拟合效果最优,其次是伪一级动力学方程,颗粒内扩散方程拟合效果最差.②不同Cd²⁺浓度对环丙沙星吸附的影响不同,当Cd²⁺浓度较低（5、20 mg·L^-1）时,Cd²⁺的存在对吸附起促进作用;当Cd²⁺浓度为100 mg·L^-1时,Cd²⁺的存在对吸附起抑制作用;pH越高,离子强度越大,石英砂对环丙沙星的吸附量越低,而石英砂对Cd²⁺的吸附则表现为pH越高,吸附量越大,离子强度越高,吸附量越小;不同Cd²⁺浓度、pH及离子强度对CIP吸附的影响程度与CIP浓度有关,CIP浓度越低,影响越显著;除了pH为7的条件外,CIP对Cd²⁺在石英砂上的吸附基本没有影响.③Freundlich方程能较好地拟合不同条件下CIP在石英砂中的吸附曲线,R²均大于0.949,且大部分n值在0.326~0.651之间,说明石英砂对CIP的吸附是非线性的.④Cd可与CIP中的羧基（—COOH）和羰基（C=O）发生络合作用形成络合物而被石英砂所吸附.     

Quantitation of metallothionein and cadmium in metallothionein in mink livers by anion-exchange HPLC-GFAAS method

Metallothionein (MT) has a great capacity of binding heavy metals showing an interesting connection with metal toxicology, as a biochemical marker for environmental metal pollution. Anino-exchange high per formance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to isolate and quantitate MT in livers of minks which were contaminated with heavy metals. MT isoforms (MT-I and MT-II) were eluted at approximately 11.3 and 14.3 min respectively from a DEAE-5 PW anion-exchange column with a Tris-HCl buffer (0.01 -0.25 mol/L, pH 8.6) and detected by UV absorbance at 254 nm. The cadmium concentrations in mink liver MT elutkms were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) . Obvious increase in liver MT-I concentration rather than liver MT-II was found when the minks were contaminated by feeding contaminated fish captured from the heavy metal-polluted river. The cadmium concentration in mink liver MT-I also increased to some extent as the contaminated level increased.     

三叶鬼针草幼苗对镉污染的耐性及其吸收积累特征研究

通过盆栽实验研究了镉(Cd)胁迫下三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosaL.)幼苗的耐性能力(包括生长反应和生理生化特性)以及对Cd的吸收积累特征.结果表明,当土壤中投加的Cd浓度为≤32 mg/kg时,三叶鬼针草植物的生长和发育没有受到抑制,与对照相比,地上部和根部生物量分别增加了32.4%~44%和29.1%~57.6%,其中,当Cd处理浓度为8 mg/kg时,地上部干重达到最大值,为0.22 g/pot.在不同Cd处理下,叶绿素(Chl)和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量下降,分别比对照处理降低了23.3%和41.5%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着Cd浓度增加先有所抑制,后逐渐增大;过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量随Cd处理浓度增加而增大,分别比对照增加了1.2~6.6和1.1~1.5倍.然而,当Cd浓度为50~100 mg/kg时,显示出对三叶鬼针草幼苗的生长发育和生理生化特征都产生了一定的负效应,说明三叶鬼针草对Cd污染的耐性能力具有一定的阈值.在梯度实验中,植物体内Cd的富集系数和转移系数都大于1.0.当土壤中Cd含量达到100 mg/kg时,地上部Cd含量达到119.1 mg/kg,具备...     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

叶施L-半胱氨酸对水稻镉和矿质元素含量的影响

为评估将L-半胱氨酸（L-Cys）作为水稻降Cd叶面调理剂的可行性,通过湖南的田间试验,采用小区试验法研究了L-Cys对水稻籽粒中Cd和矿质元素含量的影响,并通过检测水稻各营养器官的Cd分布和Cd赋存形态的变化,探究了L-Cys调控水稻籽粒Cd积累的作用机制.结果表明,在开花期叶面喷施一次L-Cys即可使水稻籽粒Cd含量显著降低,同时提高其Mg和K的含量,对Ca、Mn和Zn的含量无显著影响.L-Cys的降Cd效果随喷施浓度增加而增强,当浓度为10 mmol·L^-1时,籽粒中Cd含量降至我国食品安全标准0.2 mg·kg^-1以内,降幅达59.2%,同时显著降低了水稻营养器官穗轴、第一节、穗颈、旗叶、第二节间、第二节、第二叶、基部茎叶和根中的Cd含量,降幅分别为58.3%、56.0%、62.7%、67.0%、59.3%、61.5%、60.2%、54.9%和50.3%.水稻不同部位间的Cd转移因子显示,第一节是水稻营养体拦截有害元素Cd的关键器官.叶面喷施L-Cys提高了Cd从旗叶到第一节和第二节间到第一节的转移因子,增幅最高达105.4%和45.8%,并抑制了Cd从第一节继续向上到穗颈的转运,降幅最高达27.5%.在水稻第一节中,L-Cys处理同时降低了无机态、水溶态和残渣态Cd的含量,并提高了其中残渣态Cd的比例至94.4%.由此可见,叶面喷施L-Cys能够降低水稻各营养器官Cd积累量,并促进水稻中Cd向第一节的转运及其对Cd的固定作用,进而提高关键器官第一节对Cd的拦截能力,最终显著抑制Cd向籽粒中的转运积累,同时,叶面喷施L-Cys不降低水稻籽粒中矿质营养元素的含量,具有较好的应用前景.     

Changes in enzymes activity, substrate utilization pattern and diversity of soil microbial communities under cadmium pollution

Heavy metal pollution has received increasing attention in recent years mainly because of the public awareness of environmental issues. In this study we have evaluated the effect of cadmium （Cd） on enzymes activity, substrate utilization pattern and diversity of microbial communities in soil spiked with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg Cd, during 60 d of incubation at 25℃. Enzyme activities determined at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 d after heavy metal application（DAA） showed marked declines for various Cd treatments, and up to 60 DAA, 100 mg/kg Cd resulted in 50.1%, 47.4%, and 39.8% decreases in soil urease, acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities, respectively to control. At 60 DAA, substrate utilization pattern of soil microbial communities determined by inoculating Biolog ECO plates indicated that Cd addition had markedly inhibited the functional activity of soil microbial communities and multivariate analysis of sole carbon source utilization showed significantly different utilization patterns for 80 and 100 mg/kg Cd treatments. The structural diversity of soil microbial communities assessed by PCR-DGGE method at 60 DAA, illustrated that DGGE patterns in soil simplified with increasing Cd concentration, and clustering of DGGE profiles for various Cd treatments revealed that they had more than 50% difference with that of control.     

Effect of cadmium on photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, and artemisinin in hydroponically grown Artemisia annua

The effects of different cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 20, 60, and 100 μmol/L) on hydroponically grown Artemisia annua L. were investigated. Cd treatments applied for 0, 4, 12, 24, 72, 144, 216, and 336 hr were assessed by measuring the changes in photosynthetic pigments, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidants (ascorbic acid and glutathione), while the artemisinin content was tested after 0, 12, 144, 216, and 336 hr. A significant decrease was observed in photosynthetic pigment levels over time with increasing Cd concentration. Chlorophyll b levels were more affected by Cd than were chlorophyll a or carotenoid levels. The cell membrane was sensitive to Cd stress, as MDA content in all treatment groups showed insignificant differences from the control group, except at 12 hr treatment time. Ascorbic acid (AsA) content changed slightly over time, while glutathione (GSH) content took less time to reach a maximum as Cd concentration increased. Cd was found to promote synthesis and accumulation of artemisinin, especially at concentrations of 20 and 100 μmol/L. In conclusion, Cd stress can damage to photosynthetic pigments, and vigorously growing A. annua showed a strong tolerance for Cd stress. Appropriate amounts of added Cd aided synthesis and accumulation of artemisinin.     

镉在土壤中吸持的动力学特征研究

采用间歇法研究了镉在不同土壤中吸持的动力学特征。镉在土壤中的吸持分为快速反应的慢速反应两个阶段，其中快速吸持阶段以化学吸持为主，而慢速吸持以物理吸附为主；在低温下（２９３Ｋ），镉吸持速率与时间符合方程１ｎＶ＝Ａ＋Ｂｔ，高温下３１３Ｋ）为Ｖ＝Ａ＋Ｂ１ｎｔ；不同类型土壤镉吸持的动力学模型以双常数模型较优。