黑麦草和牵牛花对铬耐受能力和积累效果的指标表征研究

目前土壤中重金属铬(Cr)污染严重,有效筛选植物修复资源迫在眉睫.本文通过盆栽试验分析了Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)胁迫下黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)和牵牛花(Pharibitis purpurea(L.)Voigt)的生长、生理及Cr积累等指标,探究了两种植物对Cr耐受能力及积累效果.结果表明,生长指标能直观反映出Cr胁迫下植物的受害程度.低浓度Cr(Ⅲ)(250 mg·kg-1)促进植物生长,株高、根长和生物量显著升高(P0.05),而所有浓度Cr(Ⅵ)(≥25 mg·kg-1)均损害植物生长,且植物根长对Cr毒害更为敏感.植物生理指标既表征了Cr对植物的毒害程度,又可反映植物对Cr的耐受能力.Cr胁迫下,植物根系活力降低、丙二醛含量升高,对植物生理损害的表征具有代表性;而脯氨酸含量升高,既表征了植物的受害程度又提高了植物体内渗透平衡;SOD、POD活性升高,则增强了植物的抗氧化应激水平.Cr积累指标是筛选Cr积累植物的主要指标.黑麦草和牵牛花对Cr(Ⅵ)积累浓度大于Cr(Ⅲ),两种植物根部Cr(Ⅵ)积累浓度最高分别可达957.4 mg·kg-1和743.3 mg·kg-1,地上部最高可达394.7 mg·kg-1和340.4 mg·kg-1;黑麦草根部富集能力优于牵牛花,最大富集系数可达15.55,但牵牛花对Cr的转运能力较好.通过指标表征综合说明黑麦草和牵牛花可作为Cr污染土壤植物修复的备选植物.     

Molecular and functional characterisation of cadmium-resistant Proteus vulgaris strain KNP3 to unravel its resistance mechanistic

Cadmium-resistant Proteus vulgaris strain KNP3 was originally isolated from the soil of Panki Thermal Power Plant, Kanpur, India. The strain was effective under in situ conditions for improving the physiological parameters of soybean plants. Nevertheless, the concentration of cadmium was significantly decreased in both plants and soil in the presence of this bioinoculant. Moreover, to unravel the mechanism involved in cadmium resistance, plasmid DNA was isolated from the strain and subjected to amplification of the czc gene, which is responsible for the efflux of three metal cations, viz. Co, Zn and Cd, from the cell. Further, the amplicon was cloned into pDrive cloning vector and sequenced. When compared with the available database, the sequence homology of the cloned gene showed the presence of a partial czcA gene sequence, thereby indicating the presence of an efflux mechanism for resistance in the strain. These results were further confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and EDAX analysis.     

Effect of Water Variables On Lead Tolerance in Postlarvae of Penaeus Indicus (H. Milne Edwards)

Lead tolerance in Penaeus indicus post-larvae (PL) was studied in relation to the water variables: salinity, temperature and pH. the LC₅₀ for 96 hrs was 7.22 ppm at ambient conditions of salinity (20%_o), temperature (29°C) and pH (7.2). the post-larvae were found to be sensitive to salinity variations with a significant (P < 0.05) low LC₅₀ values at lower (2%_o) and higher (29%_o) ranges. Though a decrease in LC₅₀ value was observed both at higher (45°C) and lower (10°C) temperatures, it was significantly (P < 0.05) low only at higher temperature indicating more toxicity. the LC₅₀ values also showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in acidic (pH 2.8) and alkaline (pH 11.0) conditions. the data indicate that lead toxicity increases in the PL of P. indicus with variations in the water variables.     

Vehicle-Induced Lead and Cadmium Contamination of Roadside Soil and Plants in Italy

Lead and cadmium concentrations in spontaneous vegetation and in soil sampled at various distances (0–208 m) from several motorways throughout Italy were measured. Lead and cadmium concentrations appear to be correlated to distance from the motorway and to traffic levels. A comparison with data from a remote and unpolluted site shows that foliar lead concentrations can be up to 40 times higher, and foliar cadmium concentrations up to 3 times higher. Plants behave differently in their accumulation of lead and cadmium; conifers present the highest levels. Also the various receptors and compartments of the roadside ecosystem differ in their accumulation of lead and cadmium; soil and bark have consistently higher concentrations, while the leaves and twigs of trees have consistently lower levels. the data recorded by ad hoc introduced bio-accumulating plants (Lolium multiflorum L.) are consistent with those of the spontaneous vegetation. the concentrations of both lead and cadmium in Lolium vary from June to November, following in part the fluctuation in traffic density.     

Constitutional tolerance and chlorophyll fluorescence of Boehmeria nivea L in response to the antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) co-contamination

The metal tolerance and metabolic changes in Boehmeria nivea colonized in mining areas are not well known. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of antimony (Sb)+arsenic (As) in following combinations (control (no metal), 20+0, 10+10, 40+0, 20+20, and 40+40 mg/L) on phytotoxicity, metal tolerance index (MTI), and chlorophyll fluorescence in B. nivea. This constitutes an initial investigation of metal tolerance and chlorophyll fluorescence in Sb and Sb+As contaminated B. nivea. The high Sb+As 40+40 mg/L produced significant phytotoxicity and MTI in the plant. Progressive higher Sb and Sb+As levels resulted in decreased chlorophyll fluorescence of B. nivea. Exposure to intermediate and high Sb+As levels induced damage in the photosynthesis apparatus of the plant.     

Changing of Lead and Cadmium Pools of Swedish Forest Soils

The aims of the paper are to; i)evaluate the rate and direction of present changesin lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) soil pools of Swedishforests; ii) discuss processes of importance forleaching of Pb and Cd in Swedish forest soils. Thepresently ongoing changes of Pb and Cd pools ofSwedish forest soils are evaluated by compilationof data from the literature and unpublishedsources. It is concluded that Cd pools arepresently decreasing in larger areas of Sweden. Therate of decrease is mainly determined by soilacidity status; Cd leaching is regulated by ionexchange with Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺ andH⁺, and is higher in acid soils. The Pb poolsare presently increasing with 0.1 to 0.3 percentannually in the soil down to 0.5 meter. Pb isredistributed from the O horizon to the B horizon,most pronounced in spruce forests; the Pb pools ofthe O horizon are presently not increasing, but isslightly decreasing by 0.1 to 0.2 percent annually. The leaching of Pb in the soil is controlled byfactors regulating the solubility of organicmatter.     

Effects of environmental factors on low-molecular-weight peptides of fishes: a review

The present state of knowledge of the influence of heavy metals and some other environmental factors on fish metallothioneins, low-molecular-weight tissue polypeptides, is considered. The ecological-biochemical role of these polypeptides and their involvement in the development of adaptive responses of organs to heavy metal accumulation are demonstrated.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 48–54.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Smirnov, Sukhovskaya, Nemova.     

金沙江干热河谷区土著花生根瘤菌耐旱性初步研究

在摸拟干旱条件下，对分离自金沙江干热河谷区４５株土著花生根瘤菌进行耐旱性鉴定分析。结果显示，代停工菌株耐旱能力呈现多样性特征，同时，这些供试菌株在模拟干旱条件下的生长模式表现出多样性特征。     

Influence of Cadmium Ions on the Activities of Enzymes Responsible for Membrane Digestion in Carp

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

Cadmium concentration and distribution in corn (zea mays L.) grown on a calcareous soil for three years after three annual sludge applications

Abstract

The disposal of digested sewage sludge on crop‐producing land appeals to municipalities as an option but may pose a hazard to human and animal health if the plant material contains elevated levels of some heavy metals. This paper reports the levels of cadmium in corn grain and stover for six years — three years with sludge applied annually and for three years after sludge applications were terminated. The cadmium concentration in corn grain from the sixth year was similar to values found in corn grown on non‐sludged plots. In corn stover fron treated plots the cadmium concentration was greater than from untreated plots. Our. study indicated that phytotoxic levels of cadmium did not exist even though elevated levels occurred in the corn stover.