重金属镉和铜对发头裸腹溞的慢性毒性

在较低浓度时，镉有提高发头裸腹各胎仔量的趋势，而铜的这种作用不明显；在较高浓度时，镉和铜均能显著地降低各胎仔量。由于几乎在所有的浓度水平，镉和铜均能显著地减少总胎数，因此，发头裸腹整个生命周期中的总仔量在无效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）以上的所有浓度水平均显著下降，重金属镉和铜对发头裸腹的生殖有显著影响。对于发头裸腹，生命周期中的总仔量是重金属慢性毒性最合理的指标。镉和铜对发头裸腹总仔量的半效应浓度（ＥＣ５０）分别为２０．３μｇＣｄＣｌ２／Ｌ和１１．０μｇＣｕＣｌ２／Ｌ。     

分散元素镉的资源概况及其研究意义──来自牛角塘铅锌矿的线索

镉是一种分散元素，不易高度富集成矿，主要作为铅锌矿的伴生组分产出。我国拥有丰富的镉矿资源。牛角塘铅锌矿床高度富镉，矿石中的镉含量很少低于300×10－6，最高可达14300×10－6．闪锌矿中一般大干5000×10－6。镉的高度富集表明了镉在该矿区有着独特的地球化学行为，因而牛角也铅锌矿床是研究分散元素镉的地球化学行为的理想矿床。但是，镉的高度富集也是牛角塘地区环境的隐患（镉有剧毒）。故应采取合理的措施，以达到既充分利用矿产资源又不造成环境污染的目的。     

Cd、豆磺隆胁迫下黑土-小麦系统中酶活性的动态变化

利用盆栽试验研究了Cd单一污染和Cd-豆磺隆复合污染作用下黑土-小麦系统中脲酶(Urease)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化,尤其是考察了小麦整个生育期内(主要分为拔节期、开花期和成熟期)这2种酶活性的动态变化规律.结果表明,无论是在有或无豆磺隆胁迫时,随着Cd污染浓度的增加,脲酶活性呈现出明显的下降趋势,过氧化氢酶活性变化相对于脲酶比较稳定.通过拟合方程可知,脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化在一定程度上可以反映Cd或Cd-豆磺隆的污染状况,如果用酶活性指示Cd和豆磺隆污染程度时需适当考虑作物的不同生育期以及Cd和豆磺隆污染的关系.在小麦的整个生长期内,当Cd含量为2～30 mg·kg-1时,无论是Cd单一污染还是Cd-豆磺隆复合污染,脲酶活性均呈现出由拔节期到开花期升高、由开花期到成熟期下降的趋势;而在高含量(＞30 mg·kg-1)Cd作用下,酶活性的这种变化趋势表现的较弱.     

不同相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤微生物区系及群落功能多样性的影响

通过外加醋酸镉和氯化镉的室内培养试验研究了不同相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤中微生物区系及群落功能多样性的影响 .结果表明 :在相同镉浓度下相伴OAc-对镉污染红壤的细菌、放线菌和真菌数量及微生物群落功能多样性的抑制作用大于相伴Cl-.统计分析显示 ,在供试红壤中OAc-与Cl-对其微生物区系及微生物群落代谢剖面 (AWCD值 )、Shannon指数的影响均达到显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且在红砂土上表现更为明显 .外加醋酸钾和氯化钾的培养试验结果表明 ,阳离子为钾时 ,相伴OAc-与Cl-对红壤微生物区系结构及群落功能多样性没有产生明显抑制作用 ,相伴OAc-甚至存在一定的刺激作用 .可见 ,相伴OAc-对镉污染红壤微生物的毒害作用大于相伴Cl-,其原因并非是阴离子本身的毒性效应 ,而镉的生物有效性变化可能是不同相伴阴离子镉盐导致毒性差异的原因之一 .     

冲裁模刃口尺寸及公差的自动标注与修改

根据冲裁模刃口尺寸及公差的确定原则和计算公式 ,提出了切实可行的人机交互式的自动标注和修改冲裁模刃口尺寸及公差的方法     

金鱼(Carassius auratus)对颗粒态镉的鳃吸收

采用水相平衡态镉浓度不变（0.01mg/L),增加水铝矿颗粒吸附态镉暴露的实验方法，研究了金鱼(Carassius auratus)对颗粒态镉的鳃吸收，结果表明，鳃中镉含量均随态镉暴露浓度增加，且镉／铝含量比明显高于水相，从而证实了颗粒态镉的鲁鳃吸收有效性，金鱼鳃吸收态镉的主要过程是：随水流流经鳃表面的颗粒态匐会着在鳃表粘液上，在鳃部微环境下，吸附的镉发生解吸而被鳃部细胞吸收，颗粒物及未被吸收的镉在鳃丝表面短暂停留后与脱落粘液一起随水流从鳃部排出。     

Alkaloid tolerance in Manduca sexta and phylogenetically related sphingids (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

Summary. Nicotine tolerance is well known for Manduca sexta. It also occurs in several other sphingids of the subfamilies Macroglossinae and Sphinginae. Only members of the subfamily Smerinthinae appear to be more susceptible to nicotine intoxication. Phylogenetic trees have been reconstructed from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear DNA to map nicotine tolerance.?The nicotine binding site of both α-subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) have been amplified and sequenced. No apparent amino acid substitution can be seen in the putative nicotine binding site of the α-subunits of nAChR from nicotine tolerant and nicotine sensitive sphingids. Thus, a simple target-site modification can be ruled out as a cause for nicotine tolerance. This finding agrees with feeding experiments: larvae of M. sexta and other sphingids of the Macroglossinae and Sphinginae not only tolerated nicotine, but also many other alkaloids that affect neuroreceptors other than acetylcholine receptors (nAChR, mAChR).?Only 10 to 20% of nicotine injected into larvae of nicotine-tolerant taxa could be recovered later as free nicotine, nicotine N-oxide or cotinine, i.e., 80 to 90% must have been converted to polar conjugates or degradation products which are not detectable with the methods applied. Usually more than 98% of the recoverable alkaloids were found in the faeces. Excretion reached a maximum 6 h after injection in tolerant taxa. Larvae of Manduca sexta, which were reared on a nicotine-rich diet, showed higher nicotine degradation and faster nicotine elimination than na?ve larvae. Application of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor SKF 525A (proadifen) reduced the formation of nicotine N-oxide and the rate of alkaloid degradation. Thus, an inducible detoxification mechanism, coupled with a rapid and inducible excretion, appear to be a strategy in Sphingidae that helps them to live on host plants rich in otherwise toxic secondary metabolites. Received 23 March 2001; accepted 4 August 2001.     

Elemental composition of Jamaican foods 1: A survey of five food crop categories

The concentrations of 27 elements in Jamaican food categories consisting of fruit, legumes, leafy and root vegetables and other root crops are reported. The main analytical techniques used were neutron activation analysis and flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results are compared, where possible, with values from Denmark, the United Kingdom, the United States and Nigeria, and with some regulatory limits. Over 75% of the results for antimony, arsenic, barium, cerium, thorium and uranium were below the respective sample detection limits but even among these, some of the maximum values observed indicate that further examination may be useful for those foods grown in the regions of highest uptake and consumed in large amounts. The other elements reported are bromine, cadmium, calcium, caesium, cerium, chromium, copper, europium, hafnium, iron, lanthanum, lead, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, rubidium, scandium, samarium, sodium, strontium, thorium, uranium, and zinc. Many of these elements occur at concentration levels above those reported from the other countries but it seems unlikely that most of these will contribute significantly to public health risk. However, at this stage cadmium clearly appears to be the element of greatest concern in the Jamaican food chain. The observed range of cadmium concentrations suggests that factors such as land selection, coupled perhaps where necessary, with suitably modified agricultural practices, is a feasible way to reduce the cadmium content of certain local foods.     

Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Cadmium in Fish and Sediments from the Big River and Flat River Creek of Missouri's Old Lead Belt

The Old Lead Belt of Missouri was a major lead-producing region for over a century. Several large tailings piles and other industrial wastes remain behind, though mining operations in the region ceased in 1972. Samples of stream sediments and fish were collected from established sites on the Big River and Flat River Creek over a 3-year period from 1998 to 2000 to evaluate ongoing remediation efforts and determine the current impact of residual mining wastes. Benthic sediments and fish taken in the vicinity of inactive industrial sites were found to contain elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in fillets of suckers and sunfish, as well as in whole bodies of sunfish, correlate well with metal concentrations observed in surficial sediments. The results of analyses provide valuable quantitative information regarding specific sources, current levels of contamination, potential risk to public health, and will allow more accurate assessment of continuing remediation efforts.     

菌根真菌增加植物抗盐碱胁迫的机理

菌根是菌根真菌与高等植物根系形成的一种共生体，能够促进植物在瘠薄土壤中的生长。文章通过综合近20年来国内外在菌根植物抗盐碱研究方面的成就，论述了在高盐胁迫下，菌根对其寄主植物耐盐碱能力的影响；指出菌根植物可能主要通过以下4个方面增加对高浓度盐碱环境的抗性：增加植株对P等矿质营养元素的吸收，改善了盐胁迫引起的营养亏缺；改变植物体内离子平衡，降低其生理毒害；增加植株对水分的吸收和利用能力，缓解了生理性干旱；改变了植物根系形态，促进根系水分吸收能力。在分析菌根真菌增加植物抗盐碱胁迫机理的基础上，还对该问题的研究前景提出了设想，为盐碱地改良提供参考依据。