Small female rib cage fracture in frontal sled tests

Objectives: The 2 objectives of this study are to (1) examine the rib and sternal fractures sustained by small stature elderly females in simulated frontal crashes and (2) determine how the findings are characterized by prior knowledge and field data.

Methods: A test series was conducted to evaluate the response of 5 elderly (average age 76 years) female postmortem human subjects (PMHS), similar in mass and size to a 5th percentile female, in 30 km/h frontal sled tests. The subjects were restrained on a rigid planar seat by bilateral rigid knee bolsters, pelvic blocks, and a custom force-limited 3-point shoulder and lap belt. Posttest subject injury assessment included identifying rib cage fractures by means of a radiologist read of a posttest computed tomography (CT) and an autopsy. The data from a motion capture camera system were processed to provide chest deflection, defined as the movement of the sternum relative to the spine at the level of T8.

?A complementary field data investigation involved querying the NASS-CDS database over the years 1997–2012. The targeted cases involved belted front seat small female passenger vehicle occupants over 40 years old who were injured in 25 to 35 km/h delta-V frontal crashes (11 to 1 o'clock).

Results: Peak upper shoulder belt tension averaged 1,970 N (SD = 140 N) in the sled tests. For all subjects, the peak x-axis deflection was recorded at the sternum with an average of ?44.5 mm or 25% of chest depth. The thoracic injury severity based on the number and distribution of rib fractures yielded 4 subjects coded as Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 3 (serious) and one as AIS 5 (critical). The NASS-CDS field data investigation of small females identified 205 occupants who met the search criteria. Rib fractures were reported for 2.7% of the female occupants.

Conclusions: The small elderly test subjects sustained a higher number of rib cage fractures than expected in what was intended to be a minimally injurious frontal crash test condition. Neither field studies nor prior laboratory frontal sled tests conducted with 50th percentile male PMHS predicted the injury severity observed. Although this was a limited study, the results justify further exploration of the risk of rib cage injury for small elderly female occupants.     

象山港网箱养殖对海域环境的影响及其养殖环境容量研究

以象山港海域的潮流模型和物质输运模型为基础,建立了各网箱养殖区的氮、磷污染物排放量与研究海域水质之间的响应关系,对该海域的养殖污染状况进行了模拟,讨论了该海域的网箱养殖环境容量.结果表明,象山港内的氮、磷浓度在养殖区密集的港顶海域超出一类水质标准;该海域的氮、磷养殖环境容量分别为670.74t/a和77.32t/a.目前,象山港内各网箱养殖区的污染物排放量已超出其容量,需进行削减.     

微山湖养殖湖区水体中多环芳烃的分布及来源

采用HPLC定量分析微山湖养殖湖区水体中16种优先控制PAHs的总量浓度范围在5348.8～12970.8ng/L之间,平均值为8671.5ng/L,处于中等偏高污染水平;养殖湖区水体中的多环芳烃主要来源于养殖船只的石油泄露及煤炭、木材与石油的不完全燃烧,PAHs的组成以2～3环为主。     

动物园中褐马鸡生理生化指标的研究

褐马鸡（Ｃｒｏｓｏｐｔｉｌｏｎｍａｎｔｃｈｕｒｉｃｕｎ）是我国一类保护动物,世界濒危物种．建立自然保护区和动物园饲养是保护濒危动物的有效措施．因此,了解在不同生态环境中褐马鸡生理生化指标的变化对它的饲养、繁殖和疾病防治及其保护都具有一定的实际意义．迄...     

大鹏澳网箱养殖海域海水溶解氧浓度影响因素分析

根据2001和2002年在大鹏澳网箱养殖海域的观测数据,探讨表层海水溶解氧(DO)浓度的变化特点及与其他环境因子的关系.结果表明研究海域的DO浓度在4.52～8.35 mg/L,总体、网箱区外、网箱区内的平均值分别为6.24、6.81、5.89 mg/L,DO季节平均浓度在冬季、春季、夏季、秋季分别为7.52、6.66、5.44、5.33 mg/L.t检验表明,在95%的置信水平上DO浓度在网箱区内比网箱区外明显降低,冬季明显高于其它季节,春季明显高于夏季和秋季.逐步线性回归分析结果显示,海水DO浓度按相关程度的高低依次与下列5个环境因子的强度显著负相关(r=-0.945,p=0.025)海水温度＞底质硫化物＞海水亚硝酸盐＞海水磷酸盐＞海水氨和铵盐.     

哑铃湾网箱养殖海域沉积物中的硫化物

2002年4月到2003年1月,分四个季度采集了哑铃湾养殖区、非养殖区和网箱周围的沉积物样品,分析了硫化物的含量。研究结果表明,养殖区沉积物硫化物的含量范围为(109.85~2375.56)×10-6,平均值656.36×10-6,非养殖区含量范围为(46.70~407.56)×10-6,平均值为147.05×10-6,养殖区远远高于非养殖区,硫化物的含量随养殖年限的增加而增加。网箱养殖对周围沉积物的影响,在50 m的范围以内。沉积物中硫化物和有机质的相关性分析表明,二者有显著的正相关性。根据全国海岸带污染调查有关底质硫化物污染的评价标准(300×10-6)对哑铃湾进行评价,养殖区各点均有超标,而非养殖区各点则均未超标。与其它海湾比较来看,哑铃湾养殖区硫化物含量与南澳湾、大连湾和红海湾虾池相当,大于深圳湾;非养殖区含量小于南澳湾和大连湾,与深圳湾接近,但大于红海湾的自然海域含量。     

大鹏澳网箱养殖海域底质有机物污染特征

大鹏澳网箱养殖海域表层底质有机物含量为1.65%~3.50%,平均为2.57%,明显高于我国浅海的一般水平和一类评价标准,超标率82.5%,超标0.04~0.75倍。有机物含量以春季和夏季较高,冬季次之,秋季明显较低,在网箱区内外的平均值分别为2.66%、2.42%。不同测站底质中有机物含量与硫化物含量正相关(r=0.704,p<0.05),其中以夏季的相关最显著(r=0.818,p<0.02)。网箱海域底质有机物单因子质量指数为1.28,老化风险为3级,说明沉积环境受到有机物的明显污染,面临中等程度的老化风险。     

网箱养鱼对简阳三岔湖水库总磷浓度和溶解氧影响的模型研究

本文依据湖泊、水库的箱式模型理论，建立了简阳三岔湖水库网箱养鱼总磷模型和容解氧模型。并利用这一模型对不同网养面积下三岔湖水库总磷浓度和溶解氧进行了模拟实验。结果指出：按照三岔湖１９９１年养鱼特征和水文特征，网养面积最好不超过４．４×１０４ｍ２，绝对不能超过６×１０４ｍ２。     

含硫天然气井口笼套式节流阀硫沉积数值模拟研究

为分析含硫天然气气田井口笼套式节流阀的硫沉积问题,基于雷诺应力模型、组分输运模型及离散相模型,建立硫沉积数值模拟模型,分析笼套式节流阀的硫沉积规律及影响因素.研究结果表明:硫沉积主要出现在正对来流的节流孔外侧下缘、阀套边缘以及阀芯内侧,其中节流孔外侧下缘的沉积最严重,对于该位置,随着气流进口速度的增大,硫沉积速率先增大...     

干法脱硫袋除尘器滤袋袋底破损原因研究

针对烟气干法脱硫配套布袋除尘器部分滤袋袋底破损问题,进行原因分析研究,提出了滤袋伸长率的概念,通过试验和理论计算分析,确定了干法脱硫配套布袋除尘器的滤袋和袋笼最佳配合设计尺寸,以保证滤袋的使用寿命和除尘器的长期高效运行。