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71.
Phytoremediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soils by Rorippa globosa Using Two-Phase Planting (5 pp) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Background Phytoextraction of contaminated soils by heavy metals can provide a great promise of commercial development. Although there
are more than 400 species of hyperaccumulators found in the world, phytoremediation technology is rarely applied in field
practice for remedying contaminated soils, partially due to low biomass and long growth duration for most of discovered hyperaccumulating
plants. In order to enhance the metal-removing efficiency in a year, the two-phase planting countermeasure of phytoextraction
by harvesting anthesis biomass was investigated on the basis of the newly found Cd-hyperaccumulator Rorippa globosa (Turcz.)
Thell. with 107.0 and 150.1 mg/kg of the Cd accumulation in stems and leaves, respectively, when soil Cd added was concentrated
to 25.0 mg/kg.
Methods The field pot-culture experiment was used to observe the distribution property of R. globosa aboveground biomass and to examine
characteristics of accumulating Cd by the plant at different growth stages. The concentration of Cd in plants and soils was
determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS).
Results and Discussion The results indicated that the total dry stem and leaf biomass of R. globosa harvested at the flowering phase was up to 92.3%
of that at its full maturity and the concentration of Cd in stems and leaves harvested at the flowering phase was up to 73.8%
and 87.7% of that at the mature phase, respectively. The Cd-removing ratio by shoots of R. globosa harvested at the flowering
phase was up to 71.4% of that at the mature phase. It was also found, by observing the growth duration of R. globosa, that
the frostless period at the experiment site was twice as long as the growth time from the seedling-transplanted phase to the
flowering phase of the hyperaccumulator.
Conclusion R. globosa could be transplanted into contaminated soils twice in one year by harvesting the hyperaccumulator at its flowering
phase based on climatic conditions of the site and traits of the plant growth. In this sense, the extraction efficiency of
Cd in shoots of R. globosa increased 42.8% compared to that of at its single maturity when the plant was transplanted into
contaminated soils after it had been harvested at its flowering phase and the plant accumulated Cd from soil at the same extraction
ratio at its second flowering phase. Thus, the method of anthesis biomass regulation by the two-phase planting is very significant
to increase the Cd-removing efficiency by phytoremediation used in practice over the course of a year.
Recommendation and Outlook As for some hyperaccumulators that the growth duration from the seedling-transplanted phase to the flowering phase are short
and the concentrations of heavy metals accumulated in their shoots at the flowering phase are high, the efficiency of phytoremediation
can greatly be improved using the method of the two-phase planting. 相似文献
72.
南京及邻近地区新近沉积土的动剪切模量和阻尼比的试验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过对南京及其邻近地区漫滩相成因的粘土、粉质粘土、淤泥质粉质粘土、粉质粘土与粉砂互层土、粉土、粉细砂等 6类新近沉积土的自振柱试验 ,详细探讨了围压大小、剪应变水平、土的颗粒组成和结构性对这 6类新近沉积土的剪切模量G及阻尼比λ的影响。通过与Seed和Idriss建议的砂土G/Gmax~γ和λ~γ曲线变化范围的对比 ,结果表明 ,不能将粉质粘土与粉砂互层土简单地当作砂土或粉质粘土对待。通过试验和理论分析 ,给出了南京及其邻近地区 6类新近沉积土动剪切模量和阻尼比随剪应变变化的平均曲线的拟合曲线、包络线及其参数的推荐值 ,对实际工程具有一定的借鉴作用 相似文献
73.
土壤中氧化铁的有机还原溶解动力学 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了土壤中的氧化铁被两种酚化合物还原而溶解的动力学,结果表明,在pH恒定和有机还原剂过量的情况下,氧化铁的还原溶解符合一级反应动力学方程,还原溶解速率大小与土壤中氧化铁的结晶形态有关.氧化锰的存在影响着氧化铁的还原溶解,在存在足够的还原剂的条件下,两者可同时还原.实验中求得黄壤和赤红壤中氧化铁的还原溶解反应对[H+]的反应级数分别为0.126和0.174。土壤中氧化铁的还原溶解是一个受表面反应控制的过程,反应的速率控制步骤是表面的电子转移反应,磷酸根在土壤中的吸附占据了氧化铁表面的反应位,因而明显抑制还原溶解反应. 相似文献
74.
Dissolved Organic Matter in Forest Soils: Sources, Complexing Properties and Action On Herbaceous Plants 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A. T. Kuiters 《Chemistry and Ecology》1993,8(3):171-184
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of plant-soil systems. Its essential role in soil solution chemistry, soil-forming processes and its effects on biota, including soil fauna, bacteria, fungi and plants, is extensively documented in literature. in this contribution several forest leaf litter types are compared as sources of DOM and the released organics are subjected to gel permeation chromatography to reveal their molecular-size distribution. Moreover, complexing properties, as an indication for the podzolization potential of the litter leachates, were established. the occurrence and properties of DOM in different soil horizons were monitored beneath a stand of Scots pine. the effects of the different groups of soluble organics including phenolic, fulvic and humic acids, and of water-extractable humic substances on the performance of herbaceous plants of the forest floor are briefly reviewed. 相似文献
75.
有机氯农药六六六污染土壤的植物修复研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
我国20世纪六七十年代大量施用的有机氯农药,由于其性质极其稳定,在土壤至今仍有残留。植物修复有机农药污染土壤并不多见,但具有广阔的应用前景。此项研究对提高土壤环境质量、保证农产品的安全、实现农业可持续发展等有着重要的理论和现实意义。文章以多花黑麦草(Lolium multiforum Lan.)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)和籽粒苋(Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)作为供试植物,在有机氯农药六六六(HCH)质量分数为1.09 mg.kg-1的污染土壤中种植3个月,研究了种植不同植物条件下土壤中HCH的消解情况。研究结果表明,与对照相比,种植植物大大提高了土壤中微生物数量和酶的活性,并且微生物的数量和酶的活性与土壤中HCH的消解密切相关。试验结束后,不同处理中HCH及其4种异构体的总含量降低幅度为43.87%~65.79%,其中种植紫花苜蓿和多花黑麦草的处理中HCH消解较快,对HCH污染土壤修复的效果较好。可见,植物修复技术是一种可行的环境友好的修复六六六污染土壤的技术。 相似文献
76.
77.
Surface palaeosols in two tills and a diamicton from an area in northwestern China were analysed for geochemical pollutants. Elevated levels of Br, As and Sb indicate that pollution from coal-burning and/or coal-fired electricity generating stations is delivered by aeolian transport into palaeosols dating from the last glaciation. Because the climate in the field area is sub-humid (precipitation <760 mm) the relative movement of soluble elements in palaeosols dating from early and late stades of the last glaciation is not expected to be high. The glacial and aeolian parent materials of the palaeosols indicate differences that are probably related to their source areas and to the incorporation of geochemical pollutants. 相似文献
78.
表面活性剂对可离子化有机化合物在黄土中吸附行为的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
研究了2,4-二氯苯酚、2,4-二硝基苯酚和苯甲酸三种可离子化有机化合物在天然黄土和阳离子表面活性剂改性黄土中的吸附行为。讨论了DH值、离子强度和二价重金属阳离子对可离子化有机化合物在改性黄土中吸附的影响。提出了可离子化有机化合物在改性黄土中的吸附模型,吸附等温曲线可分解为两条分别代表离子和非离子形态的等温吸附曲线;其吸附行为可用双模式吸附理论来解释。在2,4-二硝基苯酚共存时,苯甲酸在改性黄土中的吸附量减小,证明竞争吸附的存在。 相似文献
79.
Reconnaissance soil geochemical survey of Gibraltar 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The extreme density of population of Gibraltar, situated at the southern tip of Spain, exerts considerable pressure on land use and thus future planning is of utmost importance. An initial reconnaissance soil geochemical survey of Gibraltar was based on 120 surface samples (0–15 cm) taken from a wide range of exposed, either bare soil or vegetated sites, to provide the optimum geographical distribution. The total elemental concentrations of 26 elements (Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, La, Ti, V, Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Pb, P, S, As) were determined by nitric/percholric acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis. The reconnaissance data shows that the spatial distribution of various elements depended on previous and present land use. Most elements (Ca, Cr, Mg and Mn excluded) exhibited relatively high concentrations in civilian and natural soils. Trends have been established for many elements, and concentrations exceeding guideline values have been found in certain areas of Gibraltar. This reconnaissance of Gibraltar is at present being followed by a more detailed baseline geochemical survey, which will establish the extent and magnitude of the variations in major and trace elements in soils and dusts, assess the impact of industrial, commercial and urban development on the geochemical landscape and to make recommendations concerning sustainable development. 相似文献
80.
A Geochemical Survey of Topsoil in the City of Oslo, Norway 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
The city of Oslo is situated centrally in the Oslo-graben, which is a Permian rift basin consisting of different kinds of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. In the summer of 1998, approximately 300 samples of surface soil (2–3cm) were taken systematically, 1km–2. The investigated area covers about 500km2. Samples were dissolved in 7M HNO3 and analysed for 29 elements with ICP-AES, mercury with cold-vapour technique (CV-AAS) and arsenic and cadmium with a graphite furnace (GF-AAS). A factor analysis is frequently used to identify relationships among sets of interrelated variables. To describe the covariant relationships among the elements, a factor analysis has been completed. The first factor contains the elements Sc, Fe, Li, Co, Al, Cr, Be, K, Ni, V, Mg, Y, Ba, Zr, Mn and As (listed with decreasing communality). These elements are typical for the minerals in the area and most of these elements have a near normal distribution. Sources for this factor are probably geological. The second factor contains Cd, Hg, P, Zn, Cu, Ba and Pb. They have a log-normal distribution. Road traffic is probably one of the sources contributing to this factor. In Norway studded tyres are used frequently in the winter season which results in large amounts of road dust. Leaded petrol has been a major source for Pb but is not in use any more. Wear and tear of tyres and brakes contribute also to this factor. Other sources contributing to this factor are probably industry, rubbish incineration, crematoria and release of some of these elements from structural material by fire. Factors 3, 4 and 6 with elements such as Ca, Na, La, Ti and Sr probably have geological sources. They are associated with minerals like amphiboles, pyroxenes and feldspars and some of the elements are from sea aerosols. Factor 5 contains Mn, Cd, Zn, As and Pb. Manganese may be derived from many different sources such as rock weathering, windblown dust, agriculture and traffic. Since As and Mn are placed in both factor 1 and 5 they probably have both geological and anthropogenic sources. Concentrations of the elements in the second factor are much higher in the central parts of Oslo, than in the rest of Oslo. The median value of Hg in the centre is 0.48mgkg–1, which is 8 times higher than that in the rest of the city. Also, the other elements have much higher levels in the centre. The industrial district north-east of the centre also has high values. The distribution of arsenic is regular throughout the whole city, but has a slightly higher level in the centre. Norm values for contaminated land used by the Norwegian authorities are 2mg As kg–1 and 25mg Cr kg–1. Of 297 samples, 61% contain more than 25mg Cr kg–1 and 79% more than 3mg As kg–1, which is the detection limit of the analysis. These samples will therefore be regarded as contaminated. Factor analysis places these elements in the geological factor. The Norm value of zinc is 150mgkg–1, and 40% of the samples contain more than this. The Norm value of lead is 150mgkg–1, and 35% of the samples contain. Road traffic is probably the major source for these elements. 相似文献