饮用水源致癌风险早期预警SNPs监测技术

综述了饮用水源污染致癌早期预警的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)检测技术,内容包括SNPs技术及其应用研究领域,癌症敏感基因与SNPs,饮用水源致癌早期预警SNPs监测技术等。该技术的应用对于早期诊断、预警、预防、控制饮用水源污染致癌,保护人体健康,保障后代生命安全,具有现实意义。     

沙颍河流域典型癌病高发区水体硝态氮污染及健康风险

分别在雨季和旱季对癌病高发区地表水和地下水进行采样分析,探讨该区域地表水和地下水NO~-_3-N和NO~-_2-N污染状况、季节变化和空间分布特点,以及相应的健康风险.结果表明,雨季地表水和地下水NO~-_3-N含量明显高于旱季.受污染沙颍河水的影响,沿岸癌病高发村庄饮水井雨季NO~-_3-N污染严重,平均含量达到38.32 mg·L~(-1),超标近3倍,而旱季则存在NO~-_2-N污染,平均含量达到0.69 mg·L~(-1).研究区癌病高发村庄居民存在饮水NO~-_3-N暴露的健康风险,其年平均健康总风险达到1.02×10~(-8) a~(-1),为其他村庄居民的6倍以上,饮水NO~-_3-N污染是癌病高发村庄居民的健康危害因素.     

Case study approach to modeling historical disinfection by-product exposure in Iowa drinking waters

In the 1980 s, a case–control epidemiologic study was conducted in Iowa(USA) to analyze the association between exposure to disinfection by-products(DBPs) and bladder cancer risk. Trihalomethanes(THMs), the most commonly measured and dominant class of DBPs in drinking water, served as a primary metric and surrogate for the full DBP mixture.Average THM exposure was calculated, based on rough estimates of past levels in Iowa. To reduce misclassification, a follow-up study was undertaken to improve estimates of past THM levels and to re-evaluate their association with cancer risk. In addition, the risk associated with haloacetic acids, another class of DBPs, was examined. In the original analysis, surface water treatment plants were assigned one of two possible THM levels depending on the point of chlorination. The re-assessment considered each utility treating surface or groundwater on a case-by-case basis. Multiple treatment/disinfection scenarios and water quality parameters were considered with actual DBP measurements to develop estimates of past levels. The highest annual average THM level in the re-analysis was156 μg/L compared to 74 μg/L for the original analysis. This allowed the analysis of subjects exposed at higher levels( 96 μg/L). The re-analysis established a new approach, based on case studies and an understanding of the water quality and operational parameters that impact DBP formation, for determining historical exposure.     

常州市大气PM2.5中PAHs污染特征及来源解析

2016年1~8月期间,在常州市采集到55个大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定其中17种PAHs的含量.结果表明,冬、春、夏季PAHs的季均浓度分别为140.24、41.42和2.96 ng·m~(-3),冬季污染较严重,且以4~6环中高分子量化合物为主.Ba P日均浓度平均值3.64 ng·m~(-3),超标日占总采样天数的41%.PAHs浓度与气温(相关系数-0.643)和能见度(相关系数-0.466)显著负相关,与大气压呈显著正相关(相关系数0.544),而与风速、相对湿度相关性较差.受昼夜温差、大气层结和污染源变化等因素影响,夜间PAHs浓度高于白天.气团后向轨迹模型分析表明,常州PM_(2.5)中PAHs主要受当地排放源和短距离传输的影响,长距离传输影响小(仅占11%).特征比值法分析发现,PAHs主要来源于燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧.利用超额终生致癌风险(ILCR)模型评估PAHs通过呼吸暴露途径对人体健康的影响,结果表明:成人的ILCR值高于儿童,冬季和春季人群的ILCR值略高于风险阈值,夏季则不明显.     

广西扶绥肝癌高发与饮水水质关系的研究

广西扶绥是我国肝癌高发县之一，病区居民主要饮有机污染严重的塘水，塘水中的有机污染指标和某些有机组分均很高，而且与死亡率呈显著的正相关关系，而石灰岩层中的深井水则相反，水质好，死亡率很低。测试结果表明，塘水中存在亚硝胺类化合物，它们与死亡率有较好的平行关系。用这类塘水进行人体外周血淋巴细胞微核试验和细胞染色体畸变试验，证明其中有致突变的化学物质，通过换水可阻截水中有害有机物和致癌物进入人体，以达到增进居民健康，预防肝癌的目的。     

Extraction,chemical compositions,and cytotoxic activities of essential oils of Thevetia peruviana

Abstract

In this study, The essential oil of flowers, fruits, and leaves of Thevetia peruviana, which were collected in Vietnam, were being reported for the first time. The essential oil of flowers was extracted by different methods: n-hexane extraction, distillation water, and supercritical CO₂ extraction. The compositions of essential oil of different parts of Thevetia peruviana were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS systems. Major chemical compositions of essential oil were identified as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, terpenoids, and sterol. The activities of total essential oil extracts of the Thevetia peruviana exhibit inhibitory activities against five cancer cell lines.     

淮河流域典型癌病高发区土壤和地下水重金属积累及健康风险

分别采集淮河沿岸某癌病高发区土壤和地下水样品,分析和探讨了土壤和地下水重金属的含量、分布和季节变化,以及土壤和地下水重金属积累的生态与健康风险.结果表明,除Zn外,土壤和地下水重金属含量旱季均高于雨季,癌病高发村庄高于其他村庄,河流污染是沿岸土壤和地下水重金属积累的主要原因.除土壤Cd达到中度潜在生态风险外,土壤中其余重金属的潜在生态风险总体为轻微级.癌病高发村庄居民饮水中重金属致癌和非致癌健康风险明显高于其他村庄居民,均为其他村庄居民的2倍以上,其中,重金属非致癌健康风险达到93.09×10-10a-1,接近国际健康组织推荐的最大可忽略风险,重金属致癌健康风险达到27.82×10-5a-1,分别为ICRP和US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险的5倍和2倍以上.各种重金属中,Pb和Cr是主要的非致癌健康风险因子,Cr是主要的致癌健康风险因子.癌病高发村庄土壤和地下水重金属积累明显,存在较高的饮水重金属暴露健康风险.     

沙颍河流域典型癌病高发区土壤硝态氮对地下水和蔬菜硝酸盐积累的影响

在作物生长期、收获期和收获后采集土壤、地下水和蔬菜样品,探讨癌病高发区土壤硝态氮对地下水和蔬菜硝酸盐积累的影响,以及由此引发的健康风险.结果表明,氮肥施用和灌溉是造成沿岸土壤、地下水和蔬菜硝酸盐积累的主要原因.受到河流氮污染影响,灌溉用水中氨氮和硝态氮经过灌溉-蒸发和淋溶过程的反复交替,向土壤和地下水迁移,引起土壤、地下水和蔬菜硝酸盐的积累.紧邻沙颍河的癌病高发村庄,土壤、地下水以及蔬菜硝态氮积累均明显高于全区平均水平.土壤在作物生长期和收获后分别达到149.01 mg·kg-1和31.70 mg·kg-1,其中多年菜地土壤硝态氮积累最为突出,分别达到276.44和68.26 mg·kg-1.作物生长期地下水硝态氮平均含量达38.32 mg·L-1,超标近3倍,叶菜类蔬菜硝酸盐平均含量高达3269.04 mg·kg-1,超出允许含量1倍以上.癌病高发村庄居民存在突出的饮水和蔬菜硝酸盐暴露健康风险.     

Research needs identified at the second PCB workshop in Brno,Czech Republic,May 7–11, 2002

More than 150 scientists from the Americas, Europe, and Asia met in Brno, Czech Republic, in May 2002 at the Second PCB Workshop, entitled “Recent Advances in the Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects of PCBs”. NIEHS/EPA-Superfund Basic Research Program, the Graduate Center for Toxicology at the University of Kentucky, and the Research Centre for Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Masaryk University, Brno, sponsored the Workshop. At six separate sessions (including posters) the origins, human residues and exposures, actions, biomarkers, risk and remediation issues relating to PCBs were discussed.