PM(10)-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: biological indicators, lung cancer risk of realistic receptors and 'source-exposure-effect relationship' under different source scenarios

Cancer has become a critical health issue in the world heritage city Kandy, Sri Lanka. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of persistent organic pollutants, in the atmosphere may be a major etiological factor in lung carcinogenicity. Over the very high concentrations of ambient air PAHs reported in Kandy, this paper is focused on setting priorities to control human exposure to PAHs in prevention of cancer.On re-appraisal of the classical indicator benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) for atmospheric PAHs-related carcinogenicity, B[a]P failed to reflect the toxicity completely and may not be the sole indicator for risk assessment studies in complex multi-sourced urban environments. The excess lifetime lung cancer risks of atmospheric PAHs with ‘less than lifetime exposure’ were assessed based on both ‘B[a]P toxic equivalents’ and ‘B[a]P surrogate epidemiological’ approach of risk quantification, over emissions characterized urban, suburban, and rural areas of Kandy. In urban heavy traffic areas, PAH-related additional cancer burden has been 942 million⁻¹ over 30 y of exposure. Over the whole study area, ∑p-PAHs show strong correlation (r = 0.8) to the predicted risk levels. While the urban and suburban predicted cancer risk levels could not show significant correlation to their emission sources indicating the real complexity in mega urban environments, the rural lung cancer risk levels correlated perfectly with the source, firewood combustion.Policy decisions on environment and health could be based on established correlations among ‘emission sources-exposures-health effects’. The priority for “analysis of options and policy formulation to reduce inhalation PAHs exposure of population in Kandy” was considered “moderate to high”.     

汽油尾气对人肺腺癌A549细胞的氧化损伤效应研究

为研究汽油燃烧汽车尾气(简称汽油尾气)的氧化损伤效应及其可能的毒作用机制,以人肺腺癌A549细胞为研究对象,采用MTT试验测试汽油尾气对细胞的毒性作用;通过测定细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性了解细胞在汽油尾气作用下抗氧化水平的改变;并用彗星试验检测汽油尾气对细胞DNA氧化损伤及修复的影响．结果显示汽油尾气在浓度≥0．0625L·mL-1时即显示出明显的细胞毒性;汽油尾气作用下A549 细胞SOD及GSH-Px活性均下降,在一定的浓度范围内与对照组比较有统计学差异(p<0．05)．汽油尾气可诱导 A549细胞不同程度的DNA氧化损伤,且细胞拖尾率和DNA迁移长度均随着汽油尾气浓度的增加而增加;损伤后 A549细胞修复发生较快,3小时内基本修复完全．提示汽油尾气具有明显的细胞毒性作用,可影响A549细胞抗氧化酶活性,并可导致DNA的氧化损伤．     

Cost-benefit analyses of radon mitigation projects

Radon is a radioactive gas that enters buildings and is known to cause lung cancer. Danish building regulation recommends simple remedial measures for radon levels between 200 and 400 Bq m⁻³, and more effective methods for levels above 400 Bq m⁻³. The Danish National Board of Health found that radon levels in 4.6% of the dwellings were above the reference level, and that the distribution of radon levels in Danish one-family houses is lognormal with a geometric mean of 57.7 Bq m⁻³ and a geometric standard deviation of 2.28. The purpose of the paper is to present a cost–benefit analysis of a possible future governmental intervention against radon in existing Danish one-family houses. In other words, it seeks to answer the question: is it socio-economically worthwhile to avert lung cancer deaths by reducing radon levels in the most exposed dwellings? The results indicate that an intervention based on the anti-radon measures recommended by the Danish building regulation would, if implemented, avert less than 30 deaths each year. By comparison, a total of 300 people die from radon exposure annually in Denmark. The total costs exceed the valuated health benefits by €62 million (6% discount rate). It is concluded that it is not socio-economically favourable to reduce radon levels in existing Danish one-family houses. These results are based on a discount rate of 6%, a value of preventing a statistical fatality of €1.4 million, and a relatively high cost of remediation in Denmark compared to other countries. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the conclusion will be different if a discount rate of 4.3% or less is used, or if the value of preventing a statistical fatality is €2.54 million or higher, or if the cost of remediation is reduced.     

有机氯农药与乳腺癌发病的环境流行病学研究

为探讨乳腺癌发病与有机氯农药污染的关系,采用分阶段整群随机抽样的方法,按乳腺癌标化发病率高低抽取11个乡镇,再随机抽取行政村、自然村.测定各乡镇大米和土壤样品中有机氯各指标的含量,结合各乡镇的乳腺癌发病资料,进行统计分析.结果表明,各乡镇的乳腺癌标化发病率存在统计学显著性差异;大米中d-HCH、g-HCH、五氯酚钠以及土壤的d-HCH含量在各乡镇间有显著性差异;乳腺癌标化发病率与大米中PP-DDD含量呈负相关,相关系数为-0.609.说明经过近20年的降解过程,DDT的衍生物含量最终以PP-DDD居多,并且乳腺癌标化发病率与大米中PP-DDD含量呈负相关.     

饮水中^234U,^235U,^238U比活度及其评价

本文报道了新疆居民饮水中~(234)U、~(235)U和~(238)U比活度.它们的人口加权几何均值和算术均值分别为,~(234)U:113和186mBq/L;~(235)U: 3.0和 5.0mBq/L;~(238)U:65.9和108mBq/L.~(238)U的几何标准偏差为2.79.~(234)U/~(238)U活度比值为1.72.居民由饮水摄入~(234)U和~(238)U所受的有效剂量当量为13.5μSv/a,诱发1348万居民骨癌期望数约为1例/年.     

沙颍河流域典型癌病高发区居民硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐暴露及健康风险

为了解沙颍河流域典型癌病高发区居民硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐暴露状况和健康危害,通过采集饮水和蔬菜样品,调查和计算不同人群硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐暴露途径和暴露剂量,对居民硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐暴露的健康风险进行评估.结果表明,受到沙颍河污染的影响,饮水和蔬菜暴露剂量中,癌病高发村庄居民雨季硝酸盐暴露剂量的54.57%和亚硝酸盐暴露剂量的93.77%来自饮水.癌病高发村庄、镇区和其他村庄居民饮水及蔬菜的NO_3~--N年均暴露剂量分别达到2.052、1.457和1.028 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),均超过了0.836 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的日允许暴露剂量(ADI),癌病高发村庄居民雨季的NO_3~--N最高暴露剂量达到4.594 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),健康风险达到4.11×10~(-8)a~(-1),存在明显的硝酸盐暴露健康风险.除癌病高发村庄居民在旱季存在饮水亚硝酸盐直接暴露的健康风险外,研究区居民饮水和蔬菜亚硝酸盐直接暴露的健康风险总体上不明显.癌病高发村庄居民硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐暴露的健康风险明显高于区内其它居民.硝酸盐是癌病高发村庄居民健康风险的显著危害因子,较高的硝酸盐暴露剂量及其在体内的转化,可能成为癌病高发的因素之一.     

木粉尘职业接触极限值的研究

木头作为原材料得到广泛应用 ,但硬木粉尘 (如橡木和山毛榉粉尘 )可导致人患鼻癌。不同国家的木粉尘的职业接触极限值 (或极限值 )却不尽相同。虽然关于木粉尘的极限值的国际讨论持续已久 ,但仍缺乏更好支持其极限值推导的健康相关数据。为保护木材加工工人的身体健康以及给木粉尘的职业接触极限值的制定机构提供可靠数据和科学决策方面的建议 ,笔者针对怎样为木粉尘 ,特别是致癌木粉尘制定一个合理极限值的问题 ,在“比较”和“设定”两方面对国际范围内的木粉尘的极限值进行了研究 ,其结果表明 ,大部分国家给予软木粉尘和硬木粉尘的极限值分别为 5mg/m3 和 1mg/m3 ;提出利用剂量 -影响 -关系和“线性多阶段”方法也可以给致癌硬木粉尘建立一个健康基础极限值或者一个可接受极限值 ,其极限值应该不仅根据木材类型而且还需根据工作岗位而分别综合设定。     

Radon from uranium mill tailings: A source of significant radiation hazard?

Calculations regarding the long-term hazards to health from the radioactive gas radon which emanates from the tailings of milled uranium ores are presented here. The absolute and relative risks to the population from mill tailings, as well as technical solutions to the problem of disposal methods which would eliminate or minimize lung cancer risk, are discussed. Since the emission of radon from tailings will occur thousands of years after the projected benefits from nuclear-fission power have been obtained, the problem of present and future hazard from mill tailings calls for increased regulatory consideration.Now at Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. 20036     

1961-2007年期间南宁紫外线辐射的变化趋势及其与皮肤癌发病相关分析

采用2002年9月至2005年10月逐日太阳总辐射、云量、太阳天顶角、臭氧、水汽压、空气污染物和紫外线辐射资料,建立了基于气象要素推算紫外线曝辐量的模型;采用该模型重建1961-2007逐日紫外线曝辐量资料,从年、春、夏、秋、冬不同尺度分析重建序列的特征;采用1991-2003年皮肤癌发病人数资料,分析紫外线曝辐量与各类皮肤癌发病人数相关性;对未来紫外线变化进行展望。主要结论有:1961-2007年,南宁紫外线曝辐量年平均日值为95.83 W.h/m2;绝对变率以夏季最大,相对变率以冬季最大,秋季绝对变率和相对变率均最小;年平均和春、夏、秋季紫外线曝辐量有微弱的下降趋势,冬季下降趋势明显;突变主要发生在1970 s中后期至1980 s初期和1990 s初期;年和各季最显著的周期是准7年,夏季还有明显的11年周期;1991-2003年鳞状细胞癌发病人数与紫外线曝辐量相关显著;基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、恶性黑色瘤3种皮肤癌均好发于高紫外线辐射时间;展望2050年以前紫外线变化情况,认为:偏高年份可能在2017、2031、2045年附近,偏低年份可能在2010、2024、2038年附近。