淮安市畜禽养殖业废弃物污染负荷生态承载力预警分析

在分析淮安市畜禽养殖业废弃物的污染特点的基础上,进行了淮安市畜禽养殖业废弃物污染负荷的生态承载力的预警分析。分析结果显示：淮安市畜禽养殖业污染的生态承载力不同地区差异性较大,各地区的畜禽养殖业的发展不平衡,存在空间异质性。对环境构成较严重污染威胁的有淮阴区;对环境稍有污染威胁的地区有4个,分别为清河区、楚州区、清浦区和开发区;涟水县、洪泽县、盱眙县、金湖县畜禽粪便对环境不构成污染威胁。淮安市应该通过制定相应的畜禽养殖业的总体规划来合理布局,合理分配畜禽养殖业污染的生态承载力,保护生态环境,促进新农村建设,实现淮安市的可持续发展。     

胶州湾入海污染物总量控制研究

在胶州湾水质数值模拟的基础上,建立了污染物总量控制模型.计算了各个点源的响应系数,分担率及环境容量.结果表明,胶州湾内COD各入海污染源均有余量,不需要削减.胶州湾东北部N、P污染较严重,污染物入海总量已经超过海域的环境容量.研究结果将为胶州湾污水排海、海域水质管理、总量控制规划编制提供科学依据.     

Influence of no-tillage on the distribution and lability of phosphorus in Finnish clay soils

No-tillage (NT) is a method adopted to reduce erosion and particulate phosphorus (P) load from arable land to watercourses. However, it has been found to increase the loss of dissolved P with surface runoff, but the reasons for that have rarely been examined in detail. The objective of the present study was to determine the chemical factors explaining this response by investigating the impact of NT on the type and distribution of P reserves as well as on organic carbon (C) in the 0–35 cm topsoil layer of clay soil profiles (Vertic Cambisols). Soil samples were taken from two experimental fields (Jokioinen and Aurajoki) at 0–5, 5–20 and 20–35 cm depths in conventionally tilled (CT) and non-tilled (for 4–5 years) plots. The plots had been cultivated and fertilized according to the common field practices in Finland (15–18 kg P and 100–128 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹).Inorganic and organic P reserves characterized by a modified Chang and Jackson fractionation procedure were not significantly affected by the cultivation methods. However, in the uppermost soil layer (0–5 cm) in NT of the Jokioinen field, the labile P determined by water extraction (P_w) increased significantly, whereas the increase in P extracted with acid ammonium acetate (P_AAC) remained statistically insignificant. The increase in labile P coincided with a significant increase in organic carbon (C), which supports the theory that competition between organic anions and phosphate for the same sorption sites on oxide surfaces will enhance the lability of soil P. In the Aurajoki field with distinct soil cracking, P_w and P_AAC were not affected by NT in the uppermost soil layer, but they increased in the deepest soil layer (20–35 cm) concomitantly with an increase in Al-bound P and organic C. However, the increases were not statistically significant. In both fields, soil acidification due to the repeated application of N fertilizers at a shallow soil depth as well as the accumulation of organic C lowered pH of the uppermost soil layer in NT compared to the deeper soil layers. The results indicated that even short-term NT can increase the labile P in clay soil. However, further studies are needed to assess the long-term changes in lability of surface soil P and, consequently, the possible need for readjustment of the fertilization level in NT.     

Integrated strategies to reduce vulnerability and advance adaptation,mitigation, and sustainable development

Determinants of adaptive and mitigative capacities (e.g., availability of technological options, and access to economic resources, social capital and human capital) largely overlap. Several factors underlying or related to these determinants are themselves indicators of sustainable development (e.g., per capita income; and various public health, education and research indices). Moreover, climate change could exacerbate existing climate-sensitive hurdles to sustainable development (e.g., hunger, malaria, water shortage, coastal flooding and threats to biodiversity) faced specifically by many developing countries. Based on these commonalities, the paper identifies integrated approaches to formulating strategies and measures to concurrently advance adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development. These approaches range from broadly moving sustainable development forward (by developing and/or nurturing institutions, policies and infrastructure to stimulate economic development, technological change, human and social capital, and reducing specific barriers to sustainable development) to reducing vulnerabilities to urgent climate-sensitive risks that hinder sustainable development and would worsen with climate change. The resulting sustainable economic development would also help reduce birth rates, which could mitigate climate change and reduce the population exposed to climate change and climate-sensitive risks, thereby reducing impacts, and the demand for adaptation. The paper also offers a portfolio of pro-active strategies and measures consistent with the above approaches, including example measures that would simultaneously reduce pressures on biodiversity, hunger, and carbon sinks. Finally it addresses some common misconceptions that could hamper fuller integration of adaptation and mitigation, including the notions that adaptation may be unsuitable for natural systems, and mitigation should necessarily have primacy over adaptation.

北京市铁路站场大气颗粒物的特征与来源分析

利用扫描电镜-X射线能谱(SEM-EDX)技术对北京市铁路站场采集的颗粒物的形貌和化学组分进行分析,并利用富集因子法及元素相关性对颗粒物中的各元素来源进行判别。研究结果表明,铁路站场所采集的主要是2μm以下的球形或椭球形富含S、Br、Zn元素的颗粒,富集因子及元素相关性分析显示,该颗粒物主要来源于铁路机车燃油排放。因此,确定颗粒物的排放源并以此进行控制,对于改善北京铁路站场周围的大气环境具有重要意义。     

燃煤电厂锅炉PM2.5排放危害度评价模型建立及案例分析

为评价燃煤电厂锅炉PM2.5排放的危害度,根据颗粒的形成机制及对环境和人体健康的影响程度,将PM2.5进行了粒径分段,综合考虑不同粒径段颗粒物的质量浓度、粒数浓度、汞相对富集因子及汞元素在煤灰分中含量,建立了燃煤锅炉PM2.5排放危害度综合评价模型,最后利用已有文献现场实验测得的数据对评价模型进行了案例分析,并提出了危害度削减系数概念,可用于对除尘装置进行评价.     

基于车流和大气污染物浓度同步增量的机动车平均排放因子估算方法

机动车尾气排放已成为城市大气污染的主要来源并受到了高度关注.机动车排放因子是反映机动车排放状况的最基本参数,但实测排放因子代价较高、代表范围有限,基于国外排放模式估算的排放因子又与我国的实际排放状况存在一定差距.本研究首先基于早高峰时段车流量和道路附近大气污染物浓度呈近线性增加、气象条件和背景污染物浓度相对稳定的特征,将时段内污染物浓度的增加主要归因为车流的增加,从而建立车流和污染物浓度增量之间的关系;然后采用无限线源高斯扩散模式,反推道路实际行驶机动车的平均排放因子.以北京市一条主干道为例,利用早高峰车流量、污染物浓度、气象观测数据,进行了实例研究,并将研究结果同COPERT4排放模型的预测结果进行了对比.本研究和COPERT4排放模型预测的8月一氧化碳平均排放因子分别为2.0 g·km-1和1.2 g·km-1,12月分别为5.5 g·km-1和5.2 g·km-1.结果表明,本方法估算的机动车排放因子在数值大小及季节变化上均与COPERT4排放模型较为接近.所提方法通过消除背景浓度的干扰,为实时获取车队实际排放因子提供了一种新思路.     

长三角地区秸秆燃烧排放因子与颗粒物成分谱研究

为获取长三角地区秸秆燃烧污染物排放因子及其颗粒物成分谱,利用自行设计开发的开放式燃烧源排放测试系统,选取小麦、水稻、油菜、豆秸和薪柴等5类典型作物秸秆,分别采用露天焚烧和炉灶燃烧2种燃烧方式,实测其气态污染物和颗粒物排放特征.结果表明,露天燃烧各类秸秆的CO、NOx和PM2.5平均排放因子约为28.7、1.2和2.65 g·kg-1,由于炉灶氧含量相对较低,燃烧不充分,其污染物排放因子总体高于露天燃烧,分别为81.9、2.1和8.5 g·kg-1.各类秸秆中,油菜的排放水平相对较高.含碳组分(OC和EC)是生物质秸秆燃烧产生PM2.5的主要组成,在露天燃烧中OC和EC的质量分数分别占(38.92±13.93)%和(5.66±1.54)%;炉灶燃烧中OC和EC分别为(26.37±10.14)%和(18.97±10.76)%.Cl-、K+等水溶性离子也有较大贡献,在露天燃烧中分别为(13.27±6.82)%和(12.41±3.02)%;在炉灶燃烧中分别为(16.25±9.34)%和(13.62±7.91)%.小麦、水稻、油菜和豆秸等作物秸秆露天燃烧排放颗粒物的K+/OC值分别为0.30、0.52、0.49和0.15,这些特征值可用于判断长三角区域空气质量受秸秆燃烧排放影响的程度,为大气污染来源解析提供直接的判断依据.     

大理市西洱河环境容量测算初探

从环境容量利用与管理的角度出发，在科学评价环境质量现状的基础上，根据环境功能区的质量目标，通过建立污染源一环境质量的输入响应关系，确定大理市西洱河的环境容量。