用于有机磷农药残留检测酯酶的筛选

利用农药对酯酶活力的抑制反应,测定了不同浓度的敌敌畏对游离的不同动物肝脏酯酶的酶活性。实验采用从动物肝脏中提取的粗酶液在水解后与显色剂固兰B盐作用,用分光光度计测定其在595nm处的吸光度。结果表明,猪肝中α-乙酸萘酯酶(α-NA Esterase)的活力较高,且对较低浓度的敌敌畏也有较好的灵敏度。鸡肝和鸭肝α-乙酸萘酯酶对敌敌畏浓度变化不是很明显。     

Effects of repeated applications of fungicide carbendazim on its persistence and microbial community in soil

Carbendazim, a systemic benzimidazole fungicide, is applied repeatedly to control of plant diseases including soilborne diseases, over a growing season. Studies were carried out under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of repeated carbendazim applications on its persistence and microbial community in soil. The results indicate that dissipation of carbendazim in soil was accelerated with its application frequency. The degradation rate constant of carbendazim was increased significantly from 0.074 d-1 to 0.79 d-1. The corresponding half-life was shorten markedly from 9.3 d to 0.9 d after four repeated applications. No significant inhibitory effect of carbendazim on soil microbial utilization of the carbon sources was observed after first treatment, but a slight increase in average well color development (AWCD) was shown after second, third, and fourth applications. It suggested that soil microorganisms become adapted to carbendazim after repeated application. Simpson and Shannon indexes of soil microbial community from carbendazim treated soil were also similar to those from the control soil, indicating that the richness and dominant character of soil microorganisms remain unchangeable after repeated application. However, after first, second, and third addition of carbendazim, McIntosh indexes on day 21 were significantly increased as compared with the control, suggesting that balance of soil microorganisms was altered due to the enrichment of the specific carbendazim-adapting strains in soil.     

红松人工林土壤酶活性与化学性质对氮添加的响应

土壤酶参与土壤中进行的众多复杂的生物化学过程,对陆地生态系统物质循环具有重要作用.为了探索温带森林土壤酶活性和化学性质对氮沉降的响应,本研究依托于黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区的红松（Pinus koraiensis）人工林氮添加实验样地,分析了4种土壤酶活性.结果表明,土壤中N-乙酰-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）和碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性均随着施氮浓度增加显著升高,而β-葡糖苷酶（BG）以及酸性磷酸酶（ACP）活性在不同的施氮处理之间无显著差异;同一施氮水平下的上层（0~10 cm）土壤的全碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮含量以及4种酶活性显著高于下层（10~20 cm）土壤,pH值则无显著差异.全碳与NAG、BG、AKP、ACP之间均存在极显著正相关,全氮与BG、NAG、AKP、ACP存在显著或极显著正相关,有效氮与NAG、AKP间存在显著和极显著正相关,全磷与ACP、AKP存在显著和极显著正相关.施氮水平和土层对土壤酶活性及土壤化学性质存在不同程度的影响,氮的长期大量输入可直接或间接地改变土壤化学性质并影响土壤酶活性.     

甲基对硫磷高效降解菌的分离鉴定及降解酶基因的克隆表达

从湖北沙隆达农药厂枵水处理池的活性污泥中分离到一株能以甲基对硫磷(MP)和对硝基苯酚(PNP)为唯一碳源生长的细菌HS-D36,经生理生化试验和16S rDNA同源性分析,初步鉴定为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stuazeri).该菌在3h内对浓度为50mg˙L-1MP的降解率为90%;在12h内能将50mg·L-1PNP完全降解.HS-D36在以MP为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基上可以耐受800mg·L-1的MP,在LB培养基上可耐受浓度为2000mg·L-1的MP.同时,克隆了甲基对硫磷水解酶基因mpd,并在E.coli中获得高效表达.重组甲基对硫磷水解酶粗酶液活性达到52.5 U·mL-1.