Testosterone and the allocation of reproductive effort in male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)

Testosterone has been proposed to serve as the mediator that controls the relative effort that an individual male bird will devote to mating effort versus parental effort. Here, we demonstrate a testosterone-influenced trade-off between parental and mating efforts in male house finches. Male house finches with experimentally elevated testosterone fed nestlings at a significantly lower rate, but sang at a higher rate than males without manipulated testosterone levels. Females mated to testosterone-implanted males fed nestlings at a significantly higher rate than females mated to males without testosterone implants, resulting in similar feeding rates for both treated and untreated pairs. The effects of testosterone on male house finches, however, were not as dramatic as the effects of testosterone observed in some other socially monogamous species of birds. Because extra-pair copulations are uncommon in house finches and males provide substantial amounts of parental care, these more modest effects may be due to differences in how the allocation of reproductive effort affects the costs and benefits of different reproductive behaviors. Received: 6 June 2000 / Accepted: 17 July 2000     

Male-male competition ensures honest signaling of male parental ability in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

The importance of socially imposed costs for the evolution and maintenance of honest sexual signals has received less attention than other costs. Here I show that male-male competition can increase the honesty of sexual signaling in relation to male parental ability in a species with flexible signaling. When four three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) males were allowed to court a female first separately and then in competition, red nuptial coloration under competition reflected male parental ability more accurately than red coloration when separated. Parental ability was determined as the ability of the male to raise a clutch of eggs to the hatching stage under interaction with other breeding and non-breeding males. The increased honesty under competition was probably due to subordinate males of poor parental ability decreasing their color expression under interaction to reduce the risk of fights with superior males. However, socially imposed costs of signaling were probably not the main factors maintaining honest signaling, as red coloration reflected male parental ability also in the absence of competition, although less accurately. Nevertheless, the small-scale differences that male-male competition induced can significantly facilitate adaptive female choice and have large impacts on sexual selection. Received: 7 July 2000 / Revised: 31 August 2000 / Accepted: 4 September 2000     

大型海啸灾害后重伤员批量护理风险建模研究

大型海啸灾害等自然灾害的发生产生了大量重伤员,所以研究大型海啸灾害后重伤员的批量护理风险建模极为重要.通过大型海啸灾害救治流程预案启动和重伤员批量护理实施方法两部分研究大型海啸灾害后重伤员批量护理方法,并提出通过前馈控制性管理防范护理风险.提升护理风险管理的科学性以及全面性.通过护理风险防范预案提升重伤员护理质量将大型...     

Occurrence of Primidone,Carbamazepine, Caffeine,and Precursors for N‐Nitrosodimethylamine in Drinking Water Sources Impacted by Wastewater1

Abstract: Wastewater impact on drinking water sources was assessed using several approaches, including analysis of three pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) – primidone, carbamazepine, and caffeine – as indicators, and determination of precursor concentrations for the disinfection byproduct N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using formation potential (FP) tests. Samples were collected in 2006 and 2007 in rivers impacted by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges, at drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) intakes upstream or downstream from these discharges, and from two WWTP effluents in two watersheds. The levels [10th percentile ? maximum (median)] of primidone, carbamazepine, caffeine, and NDMAFP were 2‐95 (7) ng/l, 2‐207 (18) ng/l, 7‐687 (78) ng/l, and 12‐321 (35) ng/l, respectively. The highest concentrations of primidone, carbamazepine, and NDMA precursors were from one of the WWTP effluents, whereas the highest concentration of caffeine was detected in a river heavily impacted by treated wastewater discharges. The lowest concentrations of the three PPCPs were from a DWTP influent upstream of a metropolitan urban area with minimum wastewater impact. Temporal variations in PPCP and NDMAFP concentrations and streamflows in two selected watersheds were also observed. Furthermore, correlation analysis between caffeine or carbamazepine and primidone was evaluated. The results show that measurement of the two pharmaceuticals and NDMAFP tests can be used to evaluate wastewater impact in different watersheds, whereas caffeine results were more variable.     

药物及个人护理品的污染现状、分析技术及生态毒性研究进展

随着医药及洗化行业的快速发展,PPCPs（pharmaceuticals and personal care products,药物及个人护理品）的生产和使用量增长迅速,已经成为自然环境中具有潜在生态风险的一类新型污染物.由于PPCPs在环境中浓度低、检测难度大、生态风险具有潜伏性,高灵敏度的定量检测方法已成为研究的热点.比较了文献中常用的不同预处理方法〔液液萃取（liquid liquid extraction,LLE）、固相萃取（solid phase extraction,SPE）、固相微萃取（solid phase micro extraction,SPME）、超声波溶剂萃取（ultrasonic solvent extraction,USE）、加压液相萃取（pressurized liquid extraction,PLE）、微波辅助溶剂萃取（microwave assisted solvent extraction,MASE）〕和检测方法〔GC/MS（气相色谱-质谱）、GC/MS/MS（气相色谱-双质谱）、HPLC/MS（高效液相色谱-质谱）、HPLC/MS/MS（高效液相色谱-双质谱）〕对地表水、沉积物、饮用水等不同介质中PPCPs检出限和检出浓度的异同,发现水样预处理常采用固相萃取法,其具有高回收和富集倍数、消耗有机溶剂少、省时等优点;固相样品预处理常采用超声溶剂萃取,其具有操作简单、适用性广等优点;HPLC/MS/MS检测方法具有广泛适用性,可检测大多数PPCPs,并且操作简单、灵敏度高.PPCPs会在水生生物体富集,并会表现出抑制酶活性、蛋白质及核酸合成、干扰藻类生长、影响动物活动等毒性效应.建议未来应加强环境中超低浓度PPCPs定量、定性分析技术的研发与应用,同时加强其环境风险研究,为揭示PPCPs的环境归趋行为提供技术支持.      

Lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soil from day care centres in the city of Bergen, Norway

Surface soil (0-2cm) quality in 87 day care centres in the city of Bergen, Norway has been studied. Approximately 45% of the day care centres contained Pb and PAH values above recommended action levels. There are clear variations between different areas of the city. The old central part of the city hosts most of the contaminated day care centres. In suburban areas most of the day care centres have Pb and PAH concentrations below action levels. City fires, gas work emission, lead-based paint, and traffic are probably important anthropogenic contamination sources, together with uncontrolled transportation of soil from contaminated to clean areas. Geological or other natural sources are probably not an important contributor to the high levels of lead and PAH.     

The effects of dissolved organic matter and pH on sampling rates for polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS)

The effect of solution pH and levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the sampling rates for model pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting substance (EDS) by polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) was investigated in laboratory experiments. A commercially available POCIS configuration containing neutral Oasis HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) resin (i.e. pharmaceutical POCIS) and two POCIS configurations prepared in-house containing MAX and MCX anion and cation exchange resins, respectively were tested for uptake of 21 model PPCPs and EDS, including acidic, phenolic, basic and neutral compounds. Laboratory experiments were conducted with dechlorinated tap water over a pH range of 3, 7 and 9. The effects of DOM were studied using natural water from an oligotrophic lake in Ontario, Canada (i.e. Plastic Lake) spiked with different amounts of DOM (the concentration of dissolved organic carbon ranged from 3 to 5 mg L⁻¹ in uptake experiments). In experiments with the commercial (HLB) POCIS, the MCX-POCIS and the MAX-POCIS, the sampling rates generally increased with pH for basic compounds and declined with pH for acidic compounds. However, the sampling rates were relatively constant across the pH range for phenols with high pKa values (i.e. bisphenol A, estrone, estradiol, triclosan) and for the neutral pharmaceutical, carbamazepine. Thus, uptake was greatest when the amount of the neutral species in solution was maximized relative to the ionized species. Although the solution pH affected the uptake of some model ionic compounds, the effect was by less than a factor of 3. There was no significant effect of DOM on sampling rates from Plastic Lake. However, uptake rates in different aqueous matrixes declined in the order of deionized water > Plastic Lake water > dechlorinated tap water, so other parameters must affect uptake into POCIS, although this influence will be minor. MAX-POCIS and MCX-POCIS showed little advantage over the commercial POCIS configuration for monitoring in natural waters.     

重金属对药物和个人护理品在土壤/沉积物中吸附的影响机制:现状与展望

药物和个人护理品简称(PPCPs)是一类具有潜在累积效果的环境污染物,其广泛分布于水体与土壤环境中.在土壤/沉积物中,PPCPs将发生一系列的物理、化学和生物作用,其中吸附是PPCPs在土壤/沉积物中极为关键的环境行为,将影响PPCPs在环境中的迁移转化及其对生物体的危害程度.重金属作为一类常见的无机污染物,它们的存在...     

人工合成麝香的环境污染、生态行为与毒理效应研究进展

人工合成麝香作为一种替代型香料被广泛应用于日用化工行业,由于其持续不断地输入环境,其中的一些典型化合物如加乐麝香和吐纳麝香等在水、土壤和大气环境中的浓度日益升高,并且在动物体和人体组织中产生了蓄积作用,其效应相当于持久性有机污染物.因此,人工合成麝香作为一种新型污染物,已成为药物和个人护理品污染物(PPCPs)的重要组成部分.首先对人工合成麝香的种类与应用情况、环境来源和污染水平进行了简要介绍.在此基础上,从人工合成麝香的生物蓄积行为、环境降解行为和生物转化行为等3个方面,对人工合成麝香所具有的持久性有机污染物的行为特征进行了分析;概述了人工合成麝香的环境激素毒性、遗传毒性效应、生理生态毒性、对酶活性的影响以及对微生物毒性效应的研究进展,展示了人工合成麝香所可能产生的不良生态效应.最后,根据目前对人工合成麝香的研究进展,提出了今后有关重点研究内容的建议,为合理评价和降低人工合成麝香的生态风险提供理论基础.     

典型药物及个人护理品在黄东海海域水体中的检测、分布规律及其风险评估

目前对沿海地区存在的药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)的了解十分有限,建立能同时精确检测海水样品中多种PPCPs的方法至关重要.本研究选取非甾体类消炎药、抗生素、脂质调节剂和兴奋剂等类别的9种PPCPs作为检测对象,建立固相萃取-高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法(SPE-HPLC-MS),确定了固相萃取柱的填料、洗脱液组成及用量等最佳实验条件.结果表明,萃取柱为CNW HLB,洗脱液为甲醇∶乙腈(1∶1,体积比),洗脱液体积为6 m L,水样pH为7,流速为5 m L·min^-1,螯合剂EDTA-Na₂添加量为1 g,且浓缩倍数为500倍时,萃取效果最佳.9种PPCPs的线性回归方程均具有良好线性,相关性系数均大于0. 999,回收率在82%～106%之间,相对标准偏差在1. 6%～14%之间,检出限在0. 01～2 ng·L^-1之间,满足海水中痕量分析的要求.于2018年夏季对黄东海表层水体中PPCPs的分布特性、来源和分布规律进行研究.9种PPCPs均被检出,主要污染物是NAP、IBU、GEM、CAF和ASA.在空间分布上,P...