Predicting Freshwater Critical Loads from Catchment Characteristics using National Datasets

Maps of freshwater critical loads are used toguide emission strategies for sulphur and nitrogen bothnationally and internationally. Water chemistry data arerequired to calculate critical loads and the production ofnational maps therefore relies on the existence of extensivechemistry datasets. However, the data required to calculatecritical loads are not readily available for all sites. Thisarticle explores how empirical statistical models mightpotentially be used to predict critical loads using nationallyavailable datasets representing a range of catchmentcharacteristics. Initially a global regression model forexplaining freshwater critical load variation across a broadspectrum of catchment types (from lowland agricultural tomountain lakes) throughout mainland Britain is described. Whenattention is focused on more specific catchment types (i.e.upland and non-arable) it is shown that the global model hasless explanatory power. A regionalisation of Great Britain(based on 100 km grid squares) shows that the global modelcannot necessarily be applied successfully within a narrowerregional context. Separate analyses were undertaken on each ofthe regional subsets using backward selection regression. Thevariables emerging as significant predictors variedsubstantially across the regions, as did the explanatory powerof the models. This was also the case when the analysis wasconfined to upland and non-arable catchments. This approachcould be developed so that critical loads assessments can bemade for populations of standing waters rather than simplythose for which water chemistry is available.     

新疆和田河流域河川径流时序特征分析

根据新疆和田河流域3个测站的多年实测径流资料,从径流的年内分配和年际变化2个方面分析了和田河流域河川径流的变化特征。计算结果表明,在年内分配方面,由于径流补给来源的作用,流域径流绝大部分集中在夏季,这就使得径流年内分配不均匀系数和集中度普遍较高,而计算所得的集中期也与实测最大月径流出现的情况相吻合。在径流的年际变化方面,尽管和田河流域的年降雨量存在递增的趋势,但是由于源区高山的雪线高程上升、冰川退缩,再加上人类活动的影响越来越显著,从而导致流域的河川径流呈现微弱的下降趋势。经过周期图法分析得到,和田河流域的年径流量不存在明显的周期成分。     

岷江下游小型集水区3种人工林对降雨重金属含量的影响

为了解人工林对大气污染物质的过滤作用,分析研究了2011年11月10日到2012年3月4日期间7次降雨中,岷江下游 (五通桥段)一个小型集水区中水杉人工林、杉木人工林和巨桉人工林穿透水和树干茎流中的4种重金属 (Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn)含量特征.结果表明,3种人工林大气降雨、穿透水和树干茎流重金属含量呈现一致的规律,按平均值大小排列为:Zn>Pb> Cu >Cd.3种人工林穿透水重金属含量差异不显著,水杉人工林与杉木人工林树干茎流中重金属Cd、Cu和Pb含量存在显著差异.巨桉和水杉人工林对重金属Cd和Zn有较强的过滤作用,杉木林和巨桉林对重金属Cu和Pb的过滤作用较强.Pb在3种人工林中的含量均超过国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》.3种人工林穿透水和树干茎流Cd、Pb和Zn的淋溶系数小于1,为负淋溶,杉木树干茎流Cu的淋溶系数大于1,为正淋溶.大气降雨重金属含量与降雨量之间存在显著的负相关关系,水杉人工林穿透水Cu含量、杉木人工林穿透水Cd和Cu含量、巨桉人工林穿透水和树干茎流Cd和Cu含量与降雨量之间存在显著的负相关关系.     

The Effects of Liming On Soil Chemistry at Loch Fleet, Scotland

An experiment to investigate how the water quality of acid lakes can be improved by liming the surrounding catchment was begun at Loch Fleet, Scotland in 1984. the effects on the soils of three sectors of the catchment where limestone was added in 1986 are reported here, following analysis of soils sampled in 1987, 1988 and 1991. the effect of the lime on soil chemistry was still evident in 1991, with about 15% of free lime remaining in the hydrochemical reaction zone of sectors IV and VI and nearly 50% in sector VII. However, this free lime appeared to be dissolving too slowly to maintain large amounts of exchangeable calcium in the soils, indicating that the treatment is starting to become less effective. the fall in the mean exchangeable calcium in the reaction zone between 1988 and 1991 was mirrored by a drop in mean soil pH over the 5 years post-liming from 6.1 to 5.6 on sector IV and from 5.9 to 5.4 on sector VI, whereas mean pH remained constant at about 6.0 in the limed areas of sector VII. Using soil data to predict longevity suggests that the exchangeable calcium remaining on the catchment at the end of 1991 will maintain target water quality in the loch until sometime during 1994. the soil pH is likely to fall to between 5.2 and 5.3 by this time. If the region of hydrochemical reaction is assumed to extend to a depth of 20 cm rather than 5 cm, target water quality is predicted to be maintained until the end of 1995. When the free lime remaining on the catchment is included as a source of acid neutralising capacity, calculations show that treatment may remain effective until around the year 2000.     

Deposition Inputs, Water Quality and Liming Effectiveness

Rainfall quantity and quality, and stream and loch water quality have been monitored throughout the Loch Fleet Project. This has allowed the effects of liming of parts of the catchment to be monitored, and assessments made of the effectiveness and duration of these treatments. Rainfall over 1989-1993 fluctuated around the long-term average of 2100 mm. Over this time, year by year variations in acid or sulphate loading from deposition was evident and quite substantial. There was no trend, however, reflecting reductions in national sulphur emissions. Liming parts of the catchment in 1986 increased stream and loch water pH and calcium concentrations and reduced inorganic aluminium concentrations. Improved stream and loch water quality has been maintained for more than eight years since liming.     

基于磁化率和210Pbex的金沙江下游小流域泥沙来源研究

金沙江下游地区侵蚀泥沙研究基础薄弱,实测资料较少,可靠的泥沙来源信息尤其是一系列国家重点水土保持工程如"长治"工程实施后流域泥沙的主要来源及贡献,对该区未来水土保持和生态环境建设以及不同治理措施效益评价具有重要意义。利用低频磁化率χ_(lf)和放射性核素~(210)Pb_(ex)双指纹因子,开展了金沙江下游一"长治"工程治理小流域(元谋县凉山乡小流域)泥沙来源研究。结果表明,坡耕地表土、林地表土和沟谷堆积物三种物源的χ_(lf)和~(210)Pb_(ex)平均含量分别为(21.81±9.43)×10~(-8)m~3/kg和40.53±9.49 Bq/kg、(24.06±9.61)×10~(-8)m~3/kg和119.35±22.81 Bq/kg、(16.60±5.27)×10~(-8)m~3/kg和30.62±12.69 Bq/kg。流域出口泥沙的χ_(lf)和~(210)Pb_(ex)平均含量分别为(17.69±2.87)×10~(-8)m~3/kg和33.63±6.17 Bq/kg。混合模型计算结果表明凉山乡小流域泥沙主要来源于沟谷堆积物,相对贡献率为79.6%;未经治理的陡坡耕地产沙贡献率为19.1%;林地面积占比最大但泥沙贡献极微,仅1.3%。基于χ_(lf)和~(210)Pb_(ex)的双指纹泥沙来源判别结果与利用地球化学元素复合指纹分析结果一致。受地质地貌等自然因素主控,沟谷侵蚀是金沙江下游河流泥沙的主要来源;以坡改梯和植被恢复为主的小流域治理工程对坡面侵蚀泥沙减控具有积极作用。该区未来水土保持工作应重点加强流域沟谷治理,降低泥石流等泥沙灾害风险。     

Observations on metal concentrations in commercial landings of two species of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus) from reservoirs in six river basins in Sri Lanka

Samples of the muscle of two species of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus and O. niloticus; 17–20 cm length) were obtained from at least one reservoir in each of the six river basins (Aruvi Aru, Kala Oya, Kirindi Oya, Ma Oya, Mahaweli, and Walawe Ganga catchments) in Sri Lanka. The metals Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn were consistently detected in the muscle tissue. Overall, there were few differences in the concentration of metals between the two species of fish, although there were also some statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the concentrations of some metals in fish obtained from some of the reservoirs. Aruvi Aru stands out as a river basin in which the two fish species have significantly lower concentration of metals when compared to other river basins. The concentration of the metals studied were below WHO and FSANZ guideline values for fish, suggesting that the consumption of the metals found in tilapia from these reservoirs poses little risk to human health.     

导向标志可见域的实验研究

在介绍可见域概念的基础上,将导向标志可见域转化为偏移角和观察距离的关系,开展了不同偏移角下导向标志观察距离的测量实验,分别测定了两种导向标志类型(电光源型和磷光型)在两种环境照度水平(正常照明和无照明)下,9种偏移角(0°、10°、20°、30°、40°、50°、60°、70°和80°)所对应的观察距离。实验发现随着偏移角的增加,观察距离非线性的减少,导向标志的可见域为椭圆形,该椭圆的短轴是偏移角为0°时的观察距离,该项实验的开展为导向标志可见域的确定提供了基础数据。     

珠江流域湖库型水源集水区酞酸酯(PAEs)类污染物环境健康风险评估

以饮用水源集水区为中心,沿支流采集水样,采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)暴露风险评价方法,结合该地区的参数计算环境健康风险。结果表明:(1)所有采样点均检出PAEs类污染物邻苯二甲酸正丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DOP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP),其中DOP高于DBP和DEP。(2)该饮用水源集水区3种PAEs污染物质量浓度均高于流域内其他乡镇饮用水源,在国内外同类地区也属于中上水平。DOP是集水区内需首要控制的PAEs类污染物。(3)在人类活动干扰少的地区河流污染物的环境健康风险水平较低,而在人口密集区和工业集中区风险水平较高。河流上游风险值低,中游高,下游和库区又逐渐回落。该水源集水区的PAEs类污染物环境健康风险值未超过USEPA规定,但与国内外其它地区相比属于中上水平,存在一定的潜在健康风险,需要根据PAEs的可能来源在水源地环境风险管理中加以防范。