长江下游快速城市化地区水污染特征及源解析:以秦淮河流域为例

明晰区域水污染现状及污染物与污染源之间的关系是实施水环境精细化管理和区域水污染治理对策的前提.水质标识指数法（WQI）和聚类分析（CA）被用于研究2015~2019年秦淮河流域29个监测站点的11个水质参数的时空变化特征,并利用PMF模型和SIAR同位素源解析模型解析秦淮河流域的污染物来源及贡献率.结果表明,秦淮河流域河道水体总体为中度污染,TN浓度超标是流域水体污染的主要原因;2015~2019年WQI值呈现下降的趋势;空间聚类和PMF分析结果显示：①高污染区位于秦淮河下游城市化程度较高的城区、溧水主城和江宁大学城内的河道及牛首山河,污染源主要为生活污水、商服业污水（28.88%）及工业废水排放（27.43%）;②中污染区位于秦淮河下游的江宁开发区和秣陵街道及中上游的禄口街道内河道,主要污染源为城乡生活废水和商服污水（31.62%）、工业废水（27.25%）和内源污染（24.76%）;③低污染区位于秦淮河流域湖熟街道内河道及二、三干河,主要污染源为农村生活污水和生活垃圾（28.79%）及农业非点源污染（24.3%）;云台山河子流域内NO₃^--N是氮污染物在子流域受纳水体中的主要存在形式,SIAR溯源结果显示云台山河子流域的NO₃^--N主要来源于生活污水（61%）和土壤有机氮（34%）.本研究结果可为秦淮河流域水污染治理和水生态保护措施提供科学依据和基础.     

中亚热带红壤丘陵集水区不同开发利用模式

以湖南省桃源县3个地貌完整且地理条件基本一致的集水区为代表,设置耕地集约型、土地半集约型和土地全面集约型3种垦殖模式。11年的定位观测与研究表明：（1）3种模式耕地的产、投水平基本相同,但非耕地的产、投差异甚大,形成了显著不同的土壤肥力演变特点、生物产量和经济效益,即土地集约经营的集水区,土壤侵蚀模数已接近或低于土壤允许流失值（500 t/km\+2·a）,土壤有机质、N等的养分含量稳步提高（增幅＞10%）,坡地和旱地的土壤贮水量在少雨季节增加20%以上,农作物大幅增产（增幅＞20%）,林、果、茶、鱼等的产量以及土地生产率成倍增长;（2）不同垦殖模式代表了红壤丘陵集水区开发利用的三个发展阶段,即集水区的开发利用将由耕地集约型向土地半集约型、土地全面集约型方向发展,发展进程的快慢主要取决于主导产业或项目的生产要素容量大小、比较利益高低以及科技进步推动等的作用机制;（3）集水区土地开发利用的潜力是水面 ＞坡地 ＞旱地 ＞ 稻田,合理开发与利用非耕地土地资源的效益巨大。     

AN OBJECTWE TEST FOR HYDROLOGIC SCALE1

ABSTRACT: Improving the reliability of parametric hydrologic models (sometimes called cenceptual rainfall-runoff models) in the continuous simulation of runoff from ungaged catchments has been frustrated by difficulties in estimating model parameters from catchment characteristics. An underlying problem is that these models use parameters to represent catchments as a whole, whereas data on catchment characteristics are collected at multiple field locations and are difficult to transform into one measure of collective impact. Subdividing the catchment and calibrating a stochastic parametric model to estimate distributions for the parameters that covered the range of observed streamflow values was found to improve the simulations. This paper presents an optimization of the amount of subdivision to use in simulation with a version of the Stanford Watershed Model using available climatological data. The calibration process assumes that catchment heterogeneity introduces errors that can be reduced by calibrating parameters as spatial distributions rather than single values. Calibrations for three diverse small gaged catchments located in California and in Virginia found the optimal number of subdivisions to range from 4 to 25 and the optimal scale to range from 0.3 to 2.1 mi².     

太湖流域湖泊水环境问题、成因与对策

综合分析了太湖流域存在的的湖泊水环境问题,主要表现为水质全面恶化、洪涝灾害加剧、湖泊生态系统与生物资源破坏和底质污染严重。造成湖泊水环境问题的自然因素与流域地势平缓、亚热带季风气候和地面沉降有关;人为因素如围垦、污水排入湖泊、过量使用农药化肥和湖泊淤积加剧了太湖流域水环境问题的发展。针对当前存在的湖泊水环境问题,提出湖泊水环境整治对策是：树立可持续发展观念,加强流域污染源的控制;重视湖泊水环境的科学研究;加强湖泊水环境水资源的规划与管理;因地制宜地实施湖泊水环境整治工程。     

Chemical Variation and Catchment Characteristics in High Altitude Lochs in Scotland,U.K.

Previous research has established clear relationshipsbetween the chemical composition of surface waters andthe nature of their contributing catchments. Theserelationships are particularly strong when broadenvironmental gradients are considered. However, forfreshwaters at higher altitudes, some of the catchmentprocesses that mediate chemical composition are lessinfluential than those at lower altitudes. The waterchemistry of 85 upland lochs in Scotland, U.K. is examinedto assess differences in chemical composition along arelatively short altitude gradient. Principal componentsanalysis identifies the main gradients of variationwithin the dataset. A series of digital datasets is usedto characterise the catchments according to a range ofattributes including soils and landcover. Multivariatestatistical analysis is undertaken to examine the extentto which the catchment attributes can explain variationin surface water chemistry in upland systems. Theseempirical relationships may be used in the development ofregionalisation procedures, which will allow upscaling ofknowledge from individual sites to regions.     

SUSTAINING LOCAL WATERSHED INITIATIVES: LESSONS FROM LANDCARE AND WATERSHED COUNCILS1

ABSTRACT: In the last decade, watershed groups (WG) established through government initiatives have become an important part of the natural resource management landscape in developed economies. In this paper, the authors reflect upon their research and experience with Landcare in Victoria, and to a lesser extent with Watershed Councils in Oregon, to identify the principles that appear fundamental to sustaining effective WG. In the first instance, these groups must be established at a local scale using social as well as biophysical boundaries. It is also critical that WG are embedded within a supportive institutional framework that identifies realistic roles for private landowners, local organizations such as WG, and regional planning bodies. Without broad stakeholder representation, the perceived benefits of participation are quickly forfeited. It is simply unrealistic to expect an effective network of WG to be sustained without substantial investment by government to provide for program management, group coordination, and cost sharing for on‐ground work. There must also be the commitment and skills within a program to establish processes that build trust and competency amongst citizens and agencies. These principles should also provide a foundation for the critical evaluation of WG programs.     

MULTISCALE INFLUENCES ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STREAM CONDITIONS ACROSS BLUE RIDGE LANDSCAPES1

ABSTRACT: Streams integrate biogeochemical processes operating at broad to local spatial scales and long term to short term time scales. Humans have extensively altered those processes in North America, with serious consequences for aquatic ecosystems. We collected data on Upper Tennessee River tributaries in North Carolina to: (1) compare landuse and landscape geomorphology with respect to their ability to explain variation in water quality, sedimentation measures, and large woody debris; (2) determine if landscape change over time contributed significantly to explaining present stream conditions; and (3) assess the importance of spatial scale in examining landuse influences on streams. Stream variables were related to both landuse and landscape geomorphology. Forest cover accounted for the most variation in nearly all models, supporting predictions of nutrient enrichment, thermal pollution, and sedimentation caused by landscape disturbance. Legacy effects from past catchment disturbance were apparent in sedimentation measures. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, as well as stream temperature, were lower where riparian buffers had reforested. Models of stream physicochemistry fit better when predictors were catchment wide rather than more localized (i.e., within 2 km of a site). Cumulative impacts to streams due to changes in landuse must be managed from a watershed perspective with quantitative models that integrate across scales.     

EFFECT OF CATCHMENT SIZE ON PHOSPHORUS EXPORT1

ABSTRACT: We tested the common assumption, made when expressing phosphorus export on an areal basis, that this export is a linear function of catchment area and found it wanting. The data show that in agricultural catchments, TP (total phosphorus) export varies as the 0.77 power of drainage basin area, resulting in a reduction in phosphorus delivery per unit area with increasing catchment size. Following further division of catchments according to agricultural practice, we found that this spatial scale effect is restricted to row crops and pastures. We present simple statistical models to allow a comparison of TP export from catchments of different size. Such models are not needed for nonrow crops, mixed agricultural and forested catchments, where TP export is a linear function of catchment size.     

Invasives, Introductions and Acidification: The Dynamics of a Stressed River Fish Community

We describe the development of the fish community in the acidified and limed river Litleåna in southern Norway, and describe how chemical restoration, compensatory introductions of exotics, and accidental invasion of exotics interact to influence the population of the naturally occurring brown trout (Salmo trutta). The river Litleåna is a tributary to the river Kvina in Vest-Agder County, southern Norway. During the years 1996–2004, annual mean pH was 4.9–5.0 and 6.1–6.4 above and below the liming facility, which was installed in 1994. Originally, brown trout was the only fish species in the river, but brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) have been intentionally introduced, whereas European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) was introduced by accident. Fish densities were recorded by means of electrofishing annually over the ten year period 1995–2004. Although close to extinction before liming was initiated, brown trout fry densities increased from 1995 to 1999, with subsequent varying densities. There has been a simultaneous major increase in the occurrence and density of European minnow since 1997. Our results show that both brown trout and European minnow increase after liming. Minnow densities are negatively affected by low pH episodes in the river. The growth rates of brown trout fry are negatively correlated to minnow densities, indicating competition between the species. Brook trout densities have decreased since liming started, and during the brown trout recovery.     

Sustainable use of stormwater for irrigation case study: Manly Golf Course

Sustainability has become an increasingly used term, but what does it mean in terms of practice. This research will look at the harvesting of captured stormwater for the irrigation of urban playing fields and what the implications are for catchment hydrology, local community, and local council. This research aims to identify, understand and determine the catchment conditions that may hinder the stormwater quality and quantity for capture and reuse, as well as determining whether the stormwater harvesting will be sustainable. Research methods for this project will include systemic analysis in order to further investigate the assumptions being made in the study. Manly Golf Club has relied on groundwater extraction supplemented by potable supplies for irrigation, however potable supplies are no longer available. It has been proposed to provide irrigation supplies from stormwater via onsite storage and groundwater recharge. Monitored stormwater entering the Golf Course from the adjacent Cemetery Creek sub-catchment for pollutants, have indicated that it may be suitable for irrigation with treatment and may reduce problems generated by overuse of groundwater. The proposal will provide environmental benefit through reduced pollution loads being discharged directly to receiving waters and cessation of use of potable supplies by the Club. Social and economic benefits are expected to be gained and will be monitored as part of an ongoing research program.