Modeling seasonal course of carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration in response to low temperature and moisture in a boreal Scots pine ecosystem

Environmental conditions act above and below ground, and regulate carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration. The productivity of boreal forest ecosystems is strongly governed by low temperature and moisture conditions, but the understanding of various feedbacks between vegetation and environmental conditions is still unclear. In order to quantify the seasonal responses of vegetation to environmental factors, the seasonality of carbon and heat fluxes and the corresponding responses for temperature and moisture in air and soil were simulated by merging a process-based model (CoupModel) with detailed measurements representing various components of a forest ecosystem in Hyytiälä, southern Finland. The uncertainties in parameters, model assumptions, and measurements were identified by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE). Seasonal and diurnal courses of sensible and latent heat fluxes and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO₂ were successfully simulated for two contrasting years. Moreover, systematic increases in efficiency of photosynthesis, water uptake, and decomposition occurred from spring to summer, demonstrating the strong coupling between processes. Evapotranspiration and NEE flux both showed a strong response to soil temperature conditions via different direct and indirect ecosystem mechanisms. The rate of photosynthesis was strongly correlated with the corresponding water uptake response and the light use efficiency. With the present data and model assumptions, it was not possible to precisely distinguish the various regulating ecosystem mechanisms. Our approach proved robust for modeling the seasonal course of carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration by combining different independent measurements. It will be highly interesting to continue using long-term series data and to make additional tests of optional stomatal conductance models in order to improve our understanding of the boreal forest ecosystem in response to climate variability and environmental conditions.     

安庆矽卡岩矿床的氧同位素交换动力学

安庆矽卡岩矿床产于月山闪长岩与灰岩重结晶形成大理岩的接触带上.运用氧同位素交换动力学理论研究了月山闪长岩的冷却速率,安庆矽卡岩矿床的成因机理、物质来源及演化特征.计算出月山闪长岩体的冷却速率为100℃/Ma.安庆矽卡岩矿床的形成,经历了多期次的成岩成矿作用,早期矽卡岩是由闪长岩与大理岩接触交代作用形成的,中、晚期矽卡岩及铁矿床是由矽卡岩铁矿浆充填裂隙而成.形成早、中期矽卡岩、铁矿床的流体来源于与富18O大理岩交换后的岩浆水,晚期矽卡岩的成岩流体以岩浆水为主,有少量大气降水参与.矽卡岩形成之后的石英-硫化物阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段,从早到晚流体中的大气降水逐渐增多.运用矿物的氧扩散动力学,解释了透辉石-磁铁矿矽卡岩和斜长石晶体内部的氧同位素非平衡现象.     

Atmospheric deposition and canopy exchange processes in alpine forest ecosystems (northern Italy)

Throughfall and bulk precipitation chemistry were studied for five years (June 1994–May 1999) at two high elevation forest sites (Val Gerola and Val Masino) which were known to differ in terms of tree health, as assessed by live crown condition. The ion concentration of bulk precipitation samples did not differ significantly between sites, except for Mg²⁺, while the throughfall concentrations differed in the measured values of H⁺, N-NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, Na⁺, K⁺, DOC and weak organic acids. The results of the application of the canopy exchange model indicated a higher contribution from the dry deposition of N-NO₃⁻, N-NH₄⁺ and H⁺ at Val Gerola, where the damage symptoms were more evident. In addition, the canopy leaching of Ca²⁺, K⁺ and weak organic acids were 47%, 21% and 27% higher at Val Gerola than at Val Masino. Annual SO₄²⁻ deposition fluxes (21.3 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at Val Masino and 23.6 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at Val Gerola) were similar to those reported for moderately polluted European and U.S. sites. Annual N loads were 13.6 and 13.1 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the bulk input, and 15.0 and 18.0 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in throughfall inputs, at Val Masino and Val Gerola, respectively. The contribution of the organic fraction to the total N atmospheric deposition load is significant, constituting 17% of the bulk flux and 40% of the throughfall flux. Measured nitrogen loads exceed the critical nutrient loads by several kg N ha⁻¹ at both stations. In particular the nitrogen throughfall load at Val Gerola was about 3 times higher than the critical values.     

混凝-溶气气浮装置预处理ABS树脂废水

针对ABS树脂生产废水中乳胶状悬浮物难以去除的现状,采用混凝-溶气气浮装置进行了预处理实验研究.结果表明,铝盐复配药剂和阳离子型PAM共同作用对废水中的乳胶状悬浮物具有极好的破乳絮凝效果,且在原水pH值为5、铝盐复配药剂投加量为100 mg/L、PAM投加量为2.5 mg/L、溶气水回流比为40%和水力停留时间为15 min条件下,该装置对ABS树脂生产废水中的浊度去除率达95%以上,COD去除率达50%以上,达到后续生化处理对进水的要求,且运行稳定,在胶乳废水处理领域有着广阔的应用前景.     

疏水缔合阳离子型高分子絮凝剂合成与性能研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)、疏水单体CXDMC为原料,通过自由基水溶液共聚合法制备了疏水缔合阳离子型絮凝剂P(AM-DMC-CXDMC),考察了不同合成工艺条件下得到的不同结构的聚合产物的絮凝性能。研究结果表明,疏水单体种类、含量及絮凝剂浓度均对絮凝效果有较大的影响;疏水单体为C4DMC和C8DMC、疏水单体含量为1mol%、絮凝剂加量为20mg/L时,综合絮凝效果较好。用所制备的疏水缔合阳离子型絮凝剂和普通阳离子型絮凝剂P(AM-DMC)分别处理硅藻土模拟水与城市生活污水,结果发现,疏水缔合阳离子型絮凝剂处理效果优于阳离子型絮凝剂。     

Research on Mechanism of Diversified Investment and Financing in Building Ecological Cities

Ecological city is the advanced mode of harmonious development of city. Constant improvement is being made in the development of ecological city. However, building ecological city is an enormous project that calls for a huge amount of capital. The government fund is far from adequate. This paper probes into the fund issue and discusses in detail the mechanism of investment and financing in building ecological city from various aspects such as diversification of the investment subjects and the modes of financing.     

被动采样技术在监测大气有机氯污染物中的应用

为了研究大气被动采样技术的可行性,评价其技术性能、特色和应用价值,采用以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的被动采样器,对北京市和四川卧龙自然保护区大气中的典型持久性有机氯污染物分别进行了为期5个月和半年的样品采集,利用气相色谱-高分辨质谱方法对HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs等进行了测定.结果表明:数据重现性良好,检测下限的范围为0.2～8.0 pg/m3;北京市有机氯污染物检出质量浓度相对较高,其中ρ(HCB)最高,为1 910 pg/m3,ρ(p,p′-DDT)最低,为21 pg/m3;卧龙自然保护区有机氯污染物检出质量浓度相对较低,其中ρ(HCB)最高,为254 pg/m3,ρ(PCB52)最低,为1.3 pg/m3.初步表征、比较了北京市和四川卧龙自然保护区大气中HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs等化学组成特征.以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器,可以应用于城市和边远地区持久性有机氯污染物的长期采样和监测.      

Genotoxicity of water from the Songhua River, China, in 1994-1995 and 2002-2003: Potential risks for human health

A previous study showed that the cancer mortalities are higher for residents who lived nearby the Songhua River heavily polluted by organic contamination. It is important to determine its risk of carcinogenic potential. Short-term genotoxic bio-assays using Salmonella, Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), and Micronuclei (MN) assays were employed to examine the genotoxic activity of ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. The results of the Salmonella bioassay indicated that there were indirect frame-shift mutagens in the water samples. A dose-response relationship for the SCE and MN assays was obtained. These results showed that organic extracts of water samples have genotoxic activity and the risk of carcinogenic potential to human health. The mutagenesis of water samples had changed compared to the results in 1994-1995. An increasing trend of risk of carcinogenic potential in the Songhua River after ten years should be noted and needs to be studied further.     

利用13X沸石分子筛净化含NH+4-N废水的实验研究

研究了13X沸石分子筛在静态和动态条件下对中低浓度含NH⁺₄-N废水的吸附性能,包括影响吸附的主要因素、沸石对NH⁺₄-N的吸附效果和沸石的再生等。静态实验结果表明,pH值为6.5～7.5,吸附时间35 min,吸附温度20～30℃的条件下,沸石对50 mL NH⁺₄-N初始浓度（C0）为80 mg/L的废水吸附效果最佳,吸附过程符合Langmuir型吸附等温式,饱和吸附量为8.61 mg/g。动态条件下,随水力停留时间增加,沸石对NH⁺₄-N的吸附量上升,最大饱和吸附量可达24.20 mg/g,吸附过程符合Thomas吸附模型。直接焙烧法对吸附后的沸石进行再生活化处理效果良好。实验证明,利用13X沸石净化中低浓度含NH⁺₄-N废水具有良好的工业化应用前景。     

离子交换树脂D001对罗丹明B的吸附特性

采用强酸性阳离子交换树脂D001作为吸附剂吸附脱除水溶液中的罗丹明B(Rh B)。SEM和FTIR表征结果显示:D001树脂表面存在孔隙,可增加树脂的比表面积;树脂表面的磺酸基团可通过与阳离子染料Rh B络合而将其吸附。实验结果表明:Langmuir等温吸附模型能更好地描述树脂对Rh B的吸附规律,升高温度有利于树脂吸附Rh B;吸附过程符合Lagergren准一级动力学方程,初始Rh B质量浓度为20 mg/L时吸附活化能为7.06 k J/mol;树脂对Rh B的吸附是一个自发的、吸热的、熵推动的过程;颗粒扩散为吸附过程的控制步骤;树脂具有良好的重复使用性能。