Effect of the alkyl chain length on the anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity of quaternary ammonium based surfactants

The anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity to methanogenic gas production of different alkyl chain length homologs of quaternary ammonium based surfactants were examinated. Two series of these cationic surfactants were selected: alkyl trimethyl ammonium and alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium compounds. A simple anaerobic gas production test containing municipal digester solids as a source of anaerobic bacteria was used. Under the applied methanogenic conditions, the cationic surfactants tested showed a very poor primary biodegradation and no evidence of any extent of ultimate biodegradation was observed. The toxicity of quaternary ammonium based surfactants to methanogenic gas production decreased with increasing the alkyl chain length.     

阳膜电解法处理含镍废水

采用阳膜电解法处理低浓度含镍废水。考察了电解质种类及其加入量、电解电流、电流密度、搅拌转速、电解温度和电解时间等对电解效果的影响。实验结果表明,在电解质NaCl加入量为2.5 g/L、电解电流为0.10A、电流密度为150 A/m~2、搅拌转速为800 r/min、电解温度为35℃、电解时间为8 h的最佳条件下,处理Ni2+质量浓度为2 g/L的含镍废水,镍析出率达到95.16%,电流效率为86.87%,单位质量能耗为5 254 k W·h/t。     

微生物絮凝剂作用下厌氧颗粒污泥的形成及特性

以3个同样的UASB(R1、R2、R3)处理COD浓度为5 500~6 500 mg.L-1的废水,在相同的工艺条件下,采用每7 d投加1次方式,R1中每次投加7.5 g CaCl2和400 mL微生物絮凝剂MBF21,R2中每次投加140 mg阳离子PAM,R3作为对照,进行厌氧颗粒污泥培育试验,以考察微生物絮凝剂MBF21对培育厌氧颗粒污泥的促进作用.结果表明,经过67 d的运行,R1、R2、R3中均培育出厌氧颗粒污泥,对应的平均粒径分别为1.18、1.21、0.76 mm,平均粒径增长速率分别为15.37、15.82、9.10μm.d-1,比产甲烷活性SMA(COD-CH4/VSS.t)值分别为0.740、0.657、0.558 g.(g.d)-1,VSS/SS分别为0.667、0.629、0.607,SVI值分别为14.7、13.1、20.4 mL.g-1,湿污泥密度分别为1.061、1.064、1.054 g.cm-3,强度系数ζ分别为92.1、93.5、84.7.电镜扫描发现R1和R2中的颗粒污泥比对照组R3中的颗粒污泥更密实,在形成成熟颗粒污泥过程中,3个反应器均呈现相似规律,即污泥表面由丝状菌占优逐渐向杆菌、球菌占优方向转化.本研究证明了微生物絮凝剂MBF21在促进厌氧污泥颗粒化过程中,在提高颗粒污泥物理性能方面接近阳离子PAM,在提高颗粒污泥生理、生化性能方面优于阳离子PAM.     

PVDF阳离子交换膜制备进展研究

总结介绍了目前国内外以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)材料制备阳离子交换膜的研究动态和最新进展,PVDF阳离子交换膜制备的主要方法为接枝法和共混法,接枝法是在PVDF表面生成自由基增长点,共混制膜法是将PVDF与其它无机纳米颗粒或聚合物共混制得离子交换膜.具体介绍了这两种方法的原理和制备实例.多项研究表明对PVDF材料进行等离子体照射、化学处理、臭氧活化接枝以及与无机纳米颗粒、其它聚合物共混处理等方法可制得性能优异的阳离子交换膜,应用前景广阔.     

CPAM二次改性有机膨润土的脱色性能研究

分别用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)改性钠基膨润土,并用CPAM二次改性CTMAB插层膨润土,分析了三种改性后的膨润土的结构并研究了对模拟印染废水的吸附脱色性能。结果表明,经过CPAM二次改性过的CTMAB插层膨润土的层间距d001大于CTMAB改性膨润土、CPAM改性膨润土和钠基膨润土,且二次改性膨润土的脱色效果最佳。用50mg二次改性膨润土处理200mL浓度为30mg/L的活性艳红模拟印染废水时脱色率就可达90%以上,且沉降速度快,表现出良好的吸附、脱色、絮凝沉降的协同效应。     

高密度电荷阳离子聚电解质对油污泥的混凝性能

采用酯交换反应合成高密度电荷阳离子质（粘均分子量２６０×１０＾４和电荷密度４５％）,通过对油污泥的混凝处理试验,实验油、水与泥渣三相分层,油品回收率达到８５％,分离出的水达到工业排放要求,机理研究表明,高密度电荷阳离子聚电解质不权可以使粘土颗粒表面Ｚｅｔａ电位中和到０ｍＶ,而且有效地絮凝清除了粒径在２０μｍ以下的微细颗粒。     

Fenton试剂与CPAM联合调理对污泥脱水效果的影响研究

含水率是影响污泥处置效果与成本的重要因素,通过泥饼含水率、上清液COD、蛋白质、多糖质量浓度、污泥粒径等指标,研究了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)和Fenton试剂单独及联合调理对污泥脱水效果的影响,初步探讨其调理机制.结果表明,CPAM阳离子度越高,脱水效果越好,且酸性条件有利于改善CPAM的污泥脱水效果.Fenton试剂H2O2投加量越高,污泥脱水效果越好.Fenton试剂与CPAM联合调理时污泥脱水效果更为显著,投加FeSO4=2 g.L-1、H2O2=6 g.L-1,污泥含水率由原泥的85.5%降低至76.7%,再投加CPAM 3 kg.t-1联合调理后污泥含水率降至74.8%.Fenton试剂对胞外聚合物的破解作用使污泥粒径变小,比表面积增大,释放部分的吸附水和内部水;CPAM与Fenton试剂的联合调理,将分散的污泥絮体凝聚,污泥平均粒径由35.16μm增至50.50μm,比表面积由未加入CPAM的0.39 m2.g-1降至0.20 m2.g-1,联合调理对污泥脱水效果的改善作用优于单一絮凝剂调理.     

磁性阳离子水凝胶的合成及其对六价铬的吸附去除

本文通过自由基聚合反应合成了一种带永久正电荷的磁性阳离子水凝胶,评价了该水凝胶对水体中六价铬的吸附去除效果.结果表明,磁性阳离子水凝胶具有较强的热稳定性和磁性,水凝胶中的磁性粒子γ-Fe2O3约占总质量10%,红外光谱测试表明水凝胶表面含有酰胺基和季铵基团.在pH 3—12,磁性阳离子水凝胶具有较好的化学稳定性,其表面...     

阳离子表面活性剂改性的活性炭吸附砷(V)和砷(Ⅲ)

选用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵（CTAC）、癸基三甲基溴化铵（MTAB） 以及三甲基正十四烷溴化铵（DTAB） 改性活性炭. 结果发现,表面活性剂加载使得活性炭的比表面积、孔径体积和表面Zeta电位发生改变. 改性后的活性炭用来吸附水中的砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐. 吸附等温实验结果显示,改性后活性炭对砷酸盐的吸附能力有显著提高,但对亚砷酸盐则只有在pH>10才有明显吸附.无论对砷酸盐还是亚砷酸盐,CTAC改性效果均要好于MTAB和DTAB. 改性后活性炭对砷酸盐的吸附主要通过离子交换,但离子交换并不是唯一的吸附机理. 砷酸盐的吸附受到溶液pH值和水中其他阴离子的竞争吸附的影响.中性pH范围内吸附最佳,而阴离子对砷酸盐的竞争则是PO₄^3- >SO₄^2- > NO₃^-.     

Effect of adjuvants on rainfastness and herbicidal activity of glyphosate deposits on trembling aspen foliage

Abstract

Radiolabelled end‐use mixtures of glyphosate with and without a cationic surfactant (Ethomeen® T/25) and an organosilicone surfactant (Silwet® L‐77) were applied onto trembling aspen (Populus tremuloids Michx.) leaves at the rate of 1.0 kg of AE (acid equivalent) in 35 L/ha area of foliage. A 5‐mm rainfall with an intensity of 10 mm/h was applied at intervals of 0.5, 8, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment. Glyphosate washoff was determined by liquid scintillation counting of radioactivity in the rain‐washing. At 36 h post‐treatment, both the adjuvants significantly reduced glyphosate washoff (Ethomeen by 69.6% and Silwet by 59.7%) from foliage, compared to the washoff (82.6%) when Vision alone was applied without the adjuvants. Results on the rate of plant growth indicated that with a rain‐free period of 8 h or more, the growth of most seedlings was stunted within 1 or 2 d. Percentage of foliar browning 20 d after treatment with rain‐free period of 8 to 48 h ranged from 8 to 80% for Vision alone, 75 to 100% for Vision with Ethomeen, and 85 to 100% for Vision with Silwet, respectively. Physical properties of the end‐use mixtures were measured with and without the two adjuvants to examine droplet spreading and drying rates in relation glyphosate rainfastness. The Silwet adjuvant lowered the surface tension of the end‐use mixture, but Ethomeen did not. Droplets containing Silwet were spread more than those containing Ethomeen. However, the greater area of contact caused by Silwet did not contribute to a significant increase in the translocation rate of glyphosate into untreated parts of the seedlings, and showed no relationship with rainfastness of glyphosate deposits on trembling aspen.