含四环素沼肥对蔬菜品质及抗性基因的影响

为探讨含四环素沼肥的生态毒性,采用盆栽试验研究了含四环素沼肥对小白菜品质、土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性及抗性基因的影响. 结果表明:与CK相比,添加高浓度(15 mg/kg)四环素沼肥处理下,小白菜鲜质量和w(维生素C)分别降低了5.7%和16.7%,w(硝酸盐)增加了34.3%. Biolog微平板分析显示,添加高浓度四环素的沼肥显著提高了土壤微生物群落碳源利用多样性和物种丰富度. 实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,在小白菜幼苗期,添加高浓度四环素的沼肥处理下,土壤中四环素类抗性基因相对丰度比CK高出0.69~4.03倍. 无论沼肥中是否添加四环素,施肥后小白菜内生菌中均存在抗性基因,并且小白菜内生菌抗性基因相对丰度均以CK最高,比其他处理高出0.55~325.72倍. 研究显示,添加四环素的沼肥改变了小白菜品质和产量以及土壤微生物群落碳源利用多样性和物种丰富度,增加了土壤中四环素类抗性基因丰度,降低了小白菜内生菌的抗性基因水平.      

Applying deep learning to right whale photo identification

Photo identification is an important tool for estimating abundance and monitoring population trends over time. However, manually matching photographs to known individuals is time-consuming. Motivated by recent developments in image recognition, we hosted a data science challenge on the crowdsourcing platform Kaggle to automate the identification of endangered North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). The winning solution automatically identified individual whales with 87% accuracy with a series of convolutional neural networks to identify the region of interest on an image, rotate, crop, and create standardized photographs of uniform size and orientation and then identify the correct individual whale from these passport-like photographs. Recent advances in deep learning coupled with this fully automated workflow have yielded impressive results and have the potential to revolutionize traditional methods for the collection of data on the abundance and distribution of wild populations. Presenting these results to a broad audience should further bridge the gap between the data science and conservation science communities.     

沉积物中多环芳烃对反硝化功能基因垂直分布的影响

研究了沉积物中PAHs对特定反硝化功能基因垂直分布的影响,以建立反硝化条件下PAHs和各阶段反硝化反应之间的关系.2011年3月,对珠江广州河段珠江大桥、黄沙码头和二沙岛三处具有代表性的区域沉积物进行采集,对沉积物PAHs污染和特定反硝化功能基因(narG、nirS、nosZ和nrfA)的垂直分布特征进行了研究,并通过多变量技术建立了反硝化条件下PAHs和特定反硝化功能基因之间的关系.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,硝酸盐异化还原反应和高环PAHs之间联系密切.PAHs对nosZ编码基因影响最为明显,即对反硝化作用氧化亚氮还原阶段抑制作用最强.除氧化亚氮还原阶段外,其他各阶段反硝化细菌普遍体现出对高环PAHs的适应性,特别是含有异化亚硝酸盐还原酶编码基因(nrfA)的微生物可能具有潜在的高环PAHs厌氧降解能力.亚硝态氮还原酶编码基因(nirS)表现出特异性,需要进一步深入研究.     

畜禽粪便中多重耐药细菌及耐药基因的分布特征

为了解畜禽粪便中多重抗生素耐药细菌及耐药基因的污染特征,采用微生物培养的方法调查了鸡粪、猪粪中多重耐药细菌的数量,并挑取部分菌株进行16S rDNA鉴定和抗生素敏感性试验;进一步通过高通量测序技术解析多重耐药细菌的群落结构,利用高通量定量PCR对粪便中176种耐药基因的分布情况进行研究.结果表明,不同鸡粪、猪粪中对四环素、环丙沙星和庆大霉素同时耐药的多重耐药细菌比例在7.96%~12.40%;单菌株鉴定和群落结构分析均显示,可培养的多重耐药细菌主要集中在Escherichia(埃希氏杆菌属)、Acinetobacter(不动杆菌属)和Proteus(变形杆菌属)中.与未饲用抗生素的猪粪相比,猪粪样品中耐药基因的总富集倍数达到1.96×10~4~1.54×10~5倍,各类耐药基因的富集情况为:四环素类β-内酰胺类MLSB(大环内酯、林可酰胺和链阳性菌素B类)氨基糖苷类FCA(氟喹诺酮、喹诺酮、氟苯尼考、氯霉素和酰胺醇类)磺胺类万古霉素类.     

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals perturbs lipid metabolism and circadian rhythms

A growing body of evidence indicates that exposure to environmental chemicals can contribute to the etiology of obesity by inappropriately stimulating adipogenesis as well as perturbing lipid metabolism and energy balance. One potential mechanism by which chemical exposure can influence lipid metabolism is through disturbance of circadian rhythms, endogenously-driven cycles of roughly 24hr in length that coordinate biochemical, physiological, and behavioral processes in all organisms. Here we show for the first time that exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), including the pesticide tributyltin, two commercial flame retardants, and a UV-filter chemical found in sunscreens, can perturb both circadian clocks and lipid metabolism in vertebrates. Exposure of developing zebrafish to EDCs affects core clock activity and leads to a remarkable increase in lipid accumulation that is reminiscent of the effects observed for longdaysin, a known disruptor of circadian rhythms. Our data reveal a novel obesogenic mechanism of action for environmental chemicals, an observation which warrants further research. Because circadian clocks regulate a wide variety of physiological processes, identification of environmental chemicals capable of perturbing these systems may provide important insights into the development of environmentally-induced metabolic disease.     

高温堆肥对猪粪中四环素类抗生素及抗性基因的影响

为了研究高温堆肥对猪粪中抗生素及抗生素抗性基因的影响,对不同堆肥处理中的四环素类抗生素(四环素、土霉素、金霉素)及其抗性基因(tetA、tetC、tetG、tetM、tetQ、tetW)的动态变化进行了定量研究.结果表明:低剂量组(10 mg·kg~(-1))中四环素、土霉素、金霉素的去除率分别为91%、94%、92%,高剂量组(50 mg·kg-1)中四环素、土霉素、金霉素的去除率分别为60%、62%、71%.在堆肥过程中,抗生素处理组目标基因相对丰度高于对照组,而低剂量组目标基因相对丰度(tetW除外)又普遍高于高剂量组.经堆肥处理后,tetA的相对丰度增加,tetC、tetG、tetM、tetQ、tetW的相对丰度均下降.高温堆肥可以有效去除猪粪中一定浓度的四环素类抗生素,并对四环素类抗性基因也有一定的削减作用.     

Extra-pair paternity in the monogamous alpine marmot (Marmota marmota): the roles of social setting and female mate choice

Extra-pair paternity (EPP) can be influenced by both social setting and female mate choice. If evidence suggests that females try to obtain extra-pair copulations (EPCs) in order to gain genetic benefits when mated to a homozygous and/or to a related male, females may not be able to choose freely among extra-pair mates (EPMs) as the social mate may constrain female access to EPMs. In this study, we investigated, first, how EPP depended on social setting and specifically on the number of subordinate males in the family group in a highly social and monogamous mammal, the alpine marmot. Second, we investigated how EPP depended on female mate choice for genetic benefits measured as male mate-heterozygosity and within-pair relatedness. Our results reveal, first, that EPP depended on the social setting, increasing with the number of subordinate males. Second, EPPs were related to relatedness between mates. Third, EPMs were found to be more heterozygous than within-pair males. Thus, social setting may constrain female choice by limiting opportunities for EPC. However, after accounting for social confounding factors, female choice for genetic benefits may be a mechanism driving EPP in monogamous species.     

我国不同利用方式土壤的磺胺类和大环内酯类抗生素抗性基因积累

为揭示农用土壤中抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）和可移动元件的积累和分布特征,应用普通PCR和荧光定量PCR技术对我国具有代表性的14个地区的不同利用方式和种植年限土壤进行磺胺类（sul1、sul2）、大环素内酯类（ermB、mefA）的ARGs和整合子（intl1）的定性和定量分析.结果表明,在不同利用方式土壤中sul1、sul2和intl1的检出率均为100%,在设施菜田土壤中ermB和mefA的检出率也为100%,而在露地菜田和粮田土壤中ermB的检出率为94%,mefA的检出率分别为92%、90%.磺胺类和大环内酯类ARGs的绝对丰度在黑龙江地区种植15 a的设施土壤中最高,intl1的绝对丰度在内蒙古地区种植15 a的设施土壤中最高.各地区种植3、7和15 a设施菜田土壤中sul1、sul2、ermB、mefA和intl1的绝对丰度显著高于相同年限下的露地菜田和粮田土壤,设施菜田7 a和15 a土壤中ARGs和intl1的绝对丰度显著高于3 a土壤.除露地菜田土壤sul1和sul2外,露地菜田和粮田土壤中的ARGs和intl1与土壤种植年限无显著相关性,而设施菜田土壤中ARGs和intl1的绝对丰度与种植年限呈显著正相关.相关性分析表明,磺胺类和大环内酯类ARGs的丰度与intl1的丰度呈显著正相关.研究可为农业安全生产提供参考,也进一步为食品安全提供有力支撑.     

废水处理系统中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

废水处理厂被认为是抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的重要污染源.为探究抗性基因在进水状况复杂的废水处理厂沿程的分布变化特征,选取以生产抗生素为主导行业的某化工园区废水处理厂,使用实时荧光定量PCR对废水处理厂沿程ARGs的种类、丰度变化进行研究.结果表明,废水处理厂水体中检出16种ARGs,四环素类、磺胺类ARGs为废水处理厂中占主导的抗性基因,并检出可移动遗传元件int I1,其丰度与磺胺类抗性基因的丰度(P 0. 05,r 0. 95)存在相关性,表明可移动遗传元件int I1可能促进了磺胺类抗性基因的迁移和转化.园区医药企业以合成大环内酯类抗生素为主,由于选择性压力,园区废水中,erm B抗性基因的绝对丰度远远高于其他废水中erm B的绝对丰度.废水经过废水处理厂生物处理工艺,总ARGs绝对丰度下降了1. 16个数量级,经过芬顿工艺处理后,总ARGs绝对丰度下降了2. 46个数量级,表明该废水处理工艺中深度处理工艺对ARGs的去除效果优于生物处理.高浓度、可移动的ARGs已经存在于水体中,如果没有得到有效治理,从废水处理厂排出,将给环境带来高度风险.     

有机质提升对酸性红壤氮循环功能基因及功能微生物的影响

外源有机物质输入是提升酸性红壤有机质含量的主要方式,氮素是土壤肥力的重要限制因子.有机质提升后土壤生态系统的变化会影响土壤氮循环过程及功能微生物,但目前还未见报道.本研究选择长期施有机肥的酸性旱地红壤及不施肥对照土壤作为研究材料,基于宏基因组测序及氮循环功能基因数据库比对,研究32 a的连续有机物质输入导致的土壤有机质含量上升对酸性红壤氮循环功能基因及相关功能微生物的影响.结果表明,酸性红壤有机质提升显著增加了土壤总有机碳和总氮含量,缓解了土壤酸化.有机质提升增加了土壤净硝化活性和氨氧化潜势.有机质提升显著增长了编码古菌氨单加氧酶amoA基因和反硝化过程还原酶的功能基因nar、nap、nir、nor和nos的丰度,降低了编码羟胺氧化酶hao基因及执行硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的功能基因nrf的丰度,提升了有机氮代谢功能基因glnA、gdh、glsA、ansB和nao丰度,改变了硝酸盐同化过程功能基因丰度以及硝化过程功能微生物群落组成.有机质提升后土壤酸化的缓解和总有机碳含量的提升是影响氮循环各过程功能基因丰度及功能微生物组成的最主要因子.本研究全面研究了无机氮和有机氮循环功能基因,关联了氨氧化过程的功能基因、功能微生物类群和功能活性,可为把握酸性红壤氮循环特征提供数据依据,也可为酸性土壤改良提供思路.