含四环素沼肥对蔬菜品质及抗性基因的影响

为探讨含四环素沼肥的生态毒性,采用盆栽试验研究了含四环素沼肥对小白菜品质、土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性及抗性基因的影响. 结果表明:与CK相比,添加高浓度(15 mg/kg)四环素沼肥处理下,小白菜鲜质量和w(维生素C)分别降低了5.7%和16.7%,w(硝酸盐)增加了34.3%. Biolog微平板分析显示,添加高浓度四环素的沼肥显著提高了土壤微生物群落碳源利用多样性和物种丰富度. 实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,在小白菜幼苗期,添加高浓度四环素的沼肥处理下,土壤中四环素类抗性基因相对丰度比CK高出0.69~4.03倍. 无论沼肥中是否添加四环素,施肥后小白菜内生菌中均存在抗性基因,并且小白菜内生菌抗性基因相对丰度均以CK最高,比其他处理高出0.55~325.72倍. 研究显示,添加四环素的沼肥改变了小白菜品质和产量以及土壤微生物群落碳源利用多样性和物种丰富度,增加了土壤中四环素类抗性基因丰度,降低了小白菜内生菌的抗性基因水平.      

沉积物中多环芳烃对反硝化功能基因垂直分布的影响

研究了沉积物中PAHs对特定反硝化功能基因垂直分布的影响,以建立反硝化条件下PAHs和各阶段反硝化反应之间的关系.2011年3月,对珠江广州河段珠江大桥、黄沙码头和二沙岛三处具有代表性的区域沉积物进行采集,对沉积物PAHs污染和特定反硝化功能基因(narG、nirS、nosZ和nrfA)的垂直分布特征进行了研究,并通过多变量技术建立了反硝化条件下PAHs和特定反硝化功能基因之间的关系.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,硝酸盐异化还原反应和高环PAHs之间联系密切.PAHs对nosZ编码基因影响最为明显,即对反硝化作用氧化亚氮还原阶段抑制作用最强.除氧化亚氮还原阶段外,其他各阶段反硝化细菌普遍体现出对高环PAHs的适应性,特别是含有异化亚硝酸盐还原酶编码基因(nrfA)的微生物可能具有潜在的高环PAHs厌氧降解能力.亚硝态氮还原酶编码基因(nirS)表现出特异性,需要进一步深入研究.     

有机负荷对垃圾沥滤液短程硝化系统影响及微生物相探析

以短程硝化系统为研究对象,实际垃圾沥滤液为反应物,序批式生物反应器(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR)为基础,研究了短程硝化反应系统的启动过程及不同进水有机负荷对短程硝化系统的影响,并对经高有机负荷冲击后短程硝化系统恢复期污泥的脱氮功能基因和微生物群落进行分析.结果表明:采用实际垃圾沥滤液在较短的时间内成功启动了短程硝化反应系统,于第15.5 d时系统的氨氮去除速率(ARR)达到652 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)达到91.4%.该系统在受高有机负荷冲击后,降低有机负荷,系统仍能恢复高效短程硝化反应.对受冲击后恢复稳定的短程硝化系统中微生物相进行分析,结果发现,短程硝化系统具有完整的脱氮功能基因(AOB amoA、nxrB、nirS、nor、nosZ).污泥中细菌主要功能菌属是索氏菌属(Thauera)和亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),前者为异养菌,可进行反硝化,相对丰度为27.6%,后者是氨氧化菌(AOB),相对丰度为9.6%;此外,还存在一定比例的其他功能菌属.研究表明,采用短程硝化系统处理实际垃圾沥滤液,增强其脱氮效能具有潜在的研究价值.     

温榆河中硝化和反硝化基因的Real-time PCR定量

以温榆河为研究对象,采用real-time PCR研究了温榆河不同断面水样和沉积物样品中TB(总细菌)、硝化和反硝化(nosZ和narG)基因数量的变化. 水样中TB基因数量在丰水期为1.05×109~7.38×1011 copies/L,枯水期为1.06×109~2.69×1012 copies/L;氨氧化细菌(AOB)基因数量在丰水期和枯水期分别为nd(未检出)~4.11×108和nd~1.15×109 copies/L. nosZ和narG基因数量在丰水期分别为nd~2.37×108和3.61×108~1.13×1010 copies/L,枯水期分别为2.0×106~3.04×109和nd~1.39×1010copies/L. 枯水期沉积物样品中TB基因数量为1.35×109~7.32×1010 copies/g,nosZ基因数量为nd~1.06×107 copies/g,narG基因数量为1.99×107~1.02×108 copies/g. 枯水期TB基因数量略高于丰水期,枯水期水样中ρ(NH₄+-N)较高导致其AOB基因数量要远高于丰水期,nosZ和narG基因数量并没有明显的水期变化. 相关分析表明,沉积物样品中微生物基因数量与水样中微生物基因数量不相关,而是水质变化长期作用的结果. 冗余度分析表明,丰水期和枯水期水样中影响微生物基因数量的主要环境因子不同,丰水期微生物基因数量是温度、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₂--N)、ρ(NO₃--N)等共同作用的结果,而温度和ρ(COD_Cr)对枯水期微生物基因数量影响显著.      

Herbicide promotes the conjugative transfer of multi-resistance genes by facilitating cellular contact and plasmid transfer

The global dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), especially via plasmidmediated horizontal transfer, is becoming a pervasive health threat. While our previous study found that herbicides can accelerate the horizontal gene transfer(HGT) of ARGs in soil bacteria, the underlying mechanisms by which herbicides promote the HGT of ARGs across and within bacterial genera are still unclear. Here, the underlying mechanism associated with herbicide-promoted HGT was analyzed by detecting intr...     

噬菌体编码的抗生素抗性基因研究进展

噬菌体作为地球上丰度最高的生物体,对于全球生态系统的微生物群落组成与动态,生物地球化学循环和细菌进化等都具有重要作用,但噬菌体对抗生素抗性的贡献还所知甚少.通过宏基因组测序和定量PCR等技术,发现了海洋,河流,土壤,动物肠道等环境的噬菌体基因组中存在多种耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs).因此,噬菌体及其介导的转导作用可能对ARGs的富集扩散发挥着重要作用.本文综述了不同环境介质的噬菌体基因组中ARGs的分布特征以及噬菌体介导的ARGs水平转移的研究进展,同时展望了为阐明噬菌体对抗生素抗性贡献需要解决的科学问题.本文将为了解噬菌体在ARGs传播扩散中的作用以及扩展对可移动抗性组的认知奠定基础.     

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals perturbs lipid metabolism and circadian rhythms

A growing body of evidence indicates that exposure to environmental chemicals can contribute to the etiology of obesity by inappropriately stimulating adipogenesis as well as perturbing lipid metabolism and energy balance. One potential mechanism by which chemical exposure can influence lipid metabolism is through disturbance of circadian rhythms, endogenously-driven cycles of roughly 24hr in length that coordinate biochemical, physiological, and behavioral processes in all organisms. Here we show for the first time that exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), including the pesticide tributyltin, two commercial flame retardants, and a UV-filter chemical found in sunscreens, can perturb both circadian clocks and lipid metabolism in vertebrates. Exposure of developing zebrafish to EDCs affects core clock activity and leads to a remarkable increase in lipid accumulation that is reminiscent of the effects observed for longdaysin, a known disruptor of circadian rhythms. Our data reveal a novel obesogenic mechanism of action for environmental chemicals, an observation which warrants further research. Because circadian clocks regulate a wide variety of physiological processes, identification of environmental chemicals capable of perturbing these systems may provide important insights into the development of environmentally-induced metabolic disease.     

零价铁对污泥厌氧消化过程中四环素抗性基因水平转移的作用影响

细菌抗药性问题已成为全球生态环境安全和人体健康领域的一个关注焦点.污水处理剩余污泥是抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的一个重要储存库和排放源,采用荧光定量PCR方法检测分析了四环素抗性基因（TC-ARGs,包括tetA、tetC、tetG、tetM、tetO、tetW和tetX）及第一类整合子 intI1基因丰度在污泥厌氧消化过程中的变化特征,考察了不同投加量零价铁（Fe⁰）对目标基因的消长影响,初步分析了质粒DNA接合作用对TC-ARGs水平转移的作用影响,并探讨了TC-ARGs与 intI1基因之间的相关关系.结果表明,污泥厌氧消化过程对TC-ARGs和intI1基因丰度具有不同程度的削减作用,其中tetX基因丰度降幅可达2.4个数量级.Fe⁰的加入对TC-ARGs和intI1基因丰度削减不显著,并且随着Fe⁰投加量的增加,TC-ARGs和intI1基因丰度相比对照组出现逐渐升高的趋势.通过对质粒组DNA所携带的TC-ARGs基因丰度进行检测分析发现,质粒DNA接合作用对TC-ARGs的水平转移具有促进作用.相关性分析结果显示,tetG与intI1基因之间具有显著正相关关系,表明intI1基因在污泥厌氧消化过程中可能对tetG基因的演变过程具有重要影响.     

A generalized approach for producing,quantifying, and validating citizen science data from wildlife images

Citizen science has the potential to expand the scope and scale of research in ecology and conservation, but many professional researchers remain skeptical of data produced by nonexperts. We devised an approach for producing accurate, reliable data from untrained, nonexpert volunteers. On the citizen science website www.snapshotserengeti.org , more than 28,000 volunteers classified 1.51 million images taken in a large‐scale camera‐trap survey in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Each image was circulated to, on average, 27 volunteers, and their classifications were aggregated using a simple plurality algorithm. We validated the aggregated answers against a data set of 3829 images verified by experts and calculated 3 certainty metrics—level of agreement among classifications (evenness), fraction of classifications supporting the aggregated answer (fraction support), and fraction of classifiers who reported “nothing here” for an image that was ultimately classified as containing an animal (fraction blank)—to measure confidence that an aggregated answer was correct. Overall, aggregated volunteer answers agreed with the expert‐verified data on 98% of images, but accuracy differed by species commonness such that rare species had higher rates of false positives and false negatives. Easily calculated analysis of variance and post‐hoc Tukey tests indicated that the certainty metrics were significant indicators of whether each image was correctly classified or classifiable. Thus, the certainty metrics can be used to identify images for expert review. Bootstrapping analyses further indicated that 90% of images were correctly classified with just 5 volunteers per image. Species classifications based on the plurality vote of multiple citizen scientists can provide a reliable foundation for large‐scale monitoring of African wildlife.     

河套灌区沉积物中抗生素抗性基因的分布研究

抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)作为一种新型污染物已经成为国内外研究的热点.为了探究河套灌区不同排水渠(3N、3S、5N、5S和7N)沉积物中ARGs的分布情况,采用定量PCR测定了沉积物中ARGs、整合酶基因(intⅠ1和intⅡ2)和转座酶基因(tnpA)的丰度.结果表明,36种ARGs中检测到31种,在各样地中均能检测到intⅠ1和tnpA基因,而intⅡ2基因未检测到.在各样地中,tetA、tetS、sulⅠ和aadA1基因丰度较高;在5N样地ereA基因丰度最高,为1.65×10~9 copies·g~(-1);15种ARGs在7N样地与其它样地之间有显著差异,其中,aadA1基因在7N样地丰度最高,为1.37×10~9 copies·g~(-1).氮含量与sulIII、ereB、bla_(ampC)基因丰度显著正相关,而pH与tetX、tetO和tetM基因丰度呈负相关关系.综上所述,抗生素抗性基因广泛存在于河套灌区的沉积物中.