Who should wear mask against airborne infections? Altering the contact network for controlling the spread of contagious diseases

There are several ways of controlling the propagation of a contagious disease. For instance, to reduce the spreading of an airborne infection, individuals can be encouraged to remain in their homes and/or to wear face masks outside their domiciles. However, when a limited amount of masks is available, who should use them: the susceptible subjects, the infective persons or both populations? Here we employ susceptible-infective-recovered (SIR) models described in terms of ordinary differential equations and probabilistic cellular automata in order to investigate how the deletion of links in the random complex network representing the social contacts among individuals affects the dynamics of a contagious disease. The inspiration for this study comes from recent discussions about the impact of measures usually recommended by health public organizations for preventing the propagation of the swine influenza A (H1N1) virus. Our answer to this question can be valid for other eco-epidemiological systems.     

气体爆轰波在管道中绕射和反射的实验研究

本文实验研究了氢/氧/氩气体爆轰波在矩形管中900尖角绕射时的传播特性,利用烟迹技术记录了实验现象,运用爆轰波波阵面结构理论和激波绕射及反射理论对实验结果作了分析。结果表明平面气体爆轰波在900尖角绕射时由于横波失去碰撞以及稀疏波作用,稳定三波结构在绕射区发生变化,在反射激波作用下形成热点产生子爆炸,重新在垂直分支管中形成稳定爆轰波。     

饱和吸附2,4-二硝基甲苯后活性炭的电化学再生

以2,4-二硝基甲苯为吸附物,对吸附饱和的活性炭进行电化学再生,考察了再生时间、电流密度、体系pH、电解质NaCl质量浓度等对再生效果的影响。最佳的电化学再生工艺条件为电解质NaCl质量浓度15.0 g/L,电流密度20 mA/cm~2,体系pH为 5,再生时间2 h,在此条件下活性炭再生率可达102.57%。再生前后活性炭的微孔结构基本不变,微孔孔径分布于0.3～1.0 nm。再生后活性炭的比表面积增大,石墨化程度提高,表面含氧基团含量增加,总氧含量增加,碳含量有所下降。     

基于元胞自动机恐慌状态下人群疏散模型研究

为了研究恐慌情绪对疏散中人群行为的影响，结合决策理论和情绪感染相关理论，同时考虑恐慌情绪对行人决策的影响和恐慌情绪本身的动力学特性，如情绪感染和衰减等，采用元胞自动机方法，建立基于场域模型的恐慌状态下行人决策修正模型，采用该模型研究恐慌情绪对人群疏散行为的作用规律。研究发现:当处于优势疏散位置的行人，由于恐慌做出非理性决策，不仅降低了自身的疏散效率，而且会占据其他行人的最优疏散路径，因此导致整体疏散效率的下降；随着恐慌情绪阈值增加，同一时刻的恐慌人数减小，疏散时间减小，且存在某一临界值，使疏散时间最短；情绪自衰减速率是影响恐慌情绪的关键因素，且存在决定恐慌情绪的蔓延或者衰减的临界值；行人的恐慌程度随着行人密度的增加而增加，因为人群规模较大时，恐慌情绪的感染次数增加，并在人群中得到反复加强，从而使人均恐慌值增加。     

上流式厌氧污泥床反应器中厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的研究

研究了上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器中厌氧氨氧化工艺的脱氮性能。接种体积比为1∶1的已驯化半年的厌氧氨氧化污泥混培物和城市污水处理厂回流污泥,采用提高基质浓度和缩短水力停留时间(HRT)2种方式提高UASB反应器的脱氮性能。结果发现,2种方式结合可在UASB反应器中获得较高的脱氮速率,经过280d后,最高总氮去除速率达到5.16kg/(m3·d)。缩短HRT并未对UASB反应器的脱氮效果产生不良影响,反而强化了脱氮性能。HRT由0.4d缩短至0.2d时,总氮去除速率由1.89kg/(m3·d)增加到3.66kg/(m3·d)。形成的颗粒污泥中的细菌的细胞形态不规则,内部有厌氧氨氧化体,为典型厌氧氨氧化菌结构特征。污泥的比基质转化速率为3.15kg/(kg·d)。经16SrDNA检测,污泥中的厌氧氨氧化菌属于"Candidatus Kuenenia"属。     

整数型森林火灾模型及其自组织临界性

森林火灾元胸自动机模型是研究自组织临界性的典型模型之一。森林火灾模型中森林用一个布尔型的网络来表示,其中的每一点可以取两个值：0－代表空地,或者1－3代表树木。在这个意义上,经典森林火灾模型是布尔型模型。在布尔型模型中,没有考虑树木间的差别,每一个是树木的点都是相同的。为了考虑这些差别,本文研究了整数型森森火灾模型,森林用一个整数型的网格表示：每个点的值或者取0表示是空地;或者取一个正整数,表示该点所含树木的质量。本文通过理论推导证明了新模型具有自组织临界性,并比较了经典森林火灾模型和整数型森林火灾模型计算机模拟结果。     

Liver lesions in demersal fishes near a large ocean outfall on the San Pedro Shelf, California

The prevalence of toxicopathic liver lesions in demersal fish on the San Pedro Shelf, California was determined for a 15-year period (1988–2003). Fish livers were sampled at fixed locations as part of the Orange County Sanitation Districts (OCSD) ocean monitoring program. Histopathological examination of selected fish liver tissues was studied to determine whether the wastewater discharge had affected fish health. The prevalence of toxicopathic lesion classes neoplasms (NEO), preneoplastic foci of cellular alteration (FCA), and hydropic vacuolation (HYDVAC) varied among species and locations. For all species sampled, severe lesions occurred in 6.2% of the fish examined (n = 7,694). HYDVAC (4.1%) was the most common toxicopathic lesion type followed by FCA (1.4%) and NEO (0.7%). HYDVAC occurred only in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus), accounting for 84.8% of the toxicopathic lesions for this species. Prevalence of HYDVAC, NEO, and FCA in white croaker was 15.2, 2.0, and 0.7%, respectively. The prevalence of HYDVAC and NEO in white croaker increased with age and size but there was no sexual difference. A linear regression model was used for hypothesis testing to account for significant differences in fish size (and age for croakers) at the different sampling locations. This analysis showed that for HYDVAC there was no spatial or location effect for lesion rate or size/age of onset. For NEO, the model predicted that white croaker near the wastewater outfall may acquire these lesions at a smaller size/younger age, and at a higher rate, than at other sites. However, this result may be biased due to the unequal size frequency distributions and the low prevalence of NEO in white croaker at the different sampling sites. Bigmouth sole (Hippoglossina stomata) had a prevalence of FCA and NEO of 1.3 and 0.35%, respectively, but the prevalence and distribution of lesions was too few for statistical testing. There was no sexual difference for lesion prevalence in hornyhead turbot (Pleuronichthys verticalis) and the prevalence of FCA and NEO was 3.4 and 0.37%, respectively. FCA prevalence increased with size in hornyhead turbot and there were no significant spatial differences for lesion rates and fish size at lesion onset. Overall, consistent spatial differences for lesion prevalence were not demonstrated and highlight the analytical difficulties of detecting a possible point source impact when the effect is rare, correlated with the size/age structure of the population, and may be caused by exposure to unknown multiple sources. Thus, the usefulness of liver histopathology as a point-source monitoring tool is best applied to where the spatial scale of impact generally exceeds the home range of the target species.     

基于元胞自动机的城市地震次生火灾蔓延模型

根据模拟复杂系统的元胞自动机,并利用其组成,构建了城市地震次生火灾蔓延模型.通过相关参数的初步量化,模拟了某小区的火灾蔓延,得到了大面积阻火要素,如道路、公园等对阻止火势进一步蔓延的重要作用,及风对火蔓延的重要影响,又考虑了消防扑救对控制火势蔓延的影响,为城市规划和震后火灾扑救提供参考.     

考虑环境熟悉度与引导的人员疏散元胞自动机模型研究*

为研究环境熟悉度及引导作用对行人疏散影响,建立考虑环境熟悉度及引导作用的行人疏散元胞自动机模型。模型引入环境熟悉度参数,将行人分为熟悉环境行人与不熟悉环境行人,不同的行人具备不同的运动方式;基于引导标志的有向引导作用构建引导场,使行人能跟随引导移动;以某超市为例,研究其环境熟悉度、引导作用及引导有效性对行人疏散的影响。结果表明:行人疏散时间随着环境熟悉度的增加而减少;在相同的环境熟悉度下,不熟悉环境行人选择跟随引导移动相比于随机移动及跟随行人移动疏散效率更高;环境熟悉度较低时,行人疏散时间随引导有效性提高呈现先减少后增加的趋势。     

基于元胞遗传算法的多目标应急资源配置

为解决不同灾情下多目标多周期灾后救援问题,减少受灾损失,对灾后应急资源配置进行研究。从物流成本和系统损失2个方面最小化救灾行动的成本和最大化有限救灾资源的分配,建立基于路况的多目标应急资源配置模型,将帕累托前沿和超体积作为元胞遗传算法的求解性能指标,开展元胞遗传算法与遗传算法对模型的求解对比实验。结果表明:元胞遗传算法能较好地求解多目标多周期应急资源配置模型,且求解性能比遗传算法更好;通过对模型的求解,可为决策者基于不同灾情下的应急决策提供参考。