Surface functionalized amorphous nanosilica and microsilica with nanopores as promising tools in biomedicine

Cellular interactions with engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are dependent on many properties, inherent to the nanoparticle (viz. size, shape, surface characteristics, degradation, agglomeration/dispersal, and charge, etc.). Modification of the surface reactivity via surface functionalization of the nanoparticles to be targeted seems to be important. Utilization of different surface functionalization methods of nanoparticles is an emerging field of basic and applied nanotechnology. It is well known that many disease-causing organisms induce host lipids and if deprived, their growth is inhibited in vivo. Amorphous nanosilica (ANS) and amorphous microsilica with nanopores (AMS) were prepared by a combination of wet chemistry and high-energy ball milling. Lipophilic moieties were attached to both ANS and AMS via chemical surface functionalization method. Lipophilic ANS and AMS were found to inhibit the growth of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) and chicken malarial parasites via absorption of silkworm hemolymph and chicken serum lipids/lipoproteins, respectively, in vivo. Therefore, intelligent surface functionalization of NP is an important concept, and its application in curing chicken malaria and BmNPV is presented here. Surface functionalization method reported in this paper might serve as a valuable technology for treating many diseases where pathogens induce host lipid.     

Who should wear mask against airborne infections? Altering the contact network for controlling the spread of contagious diseases

There are several ways of controlling the propagation of a contagious disease. For instance, to reduce the spreading of an airborne infection, individuals can be encouraged to remain in their homes and/or to wear face masks outside their domiciles. However, when a limited amount of masks is available, who should use them: the susceptible subjects, the infective persons or both populations? Here we employ susceptible-infective-recovered (SIR) models described in terms of ordinary differential equations and probabilistic cellular automata in order to investigate how the deletion of links in the random complex network representing the social contacts among individuals affects the dynamics of a contagious disease. The inspiration for this study comes from recent discussions about the impact of measures usually recommended by health public organizations for preventing the propagation of the swine influenza A (H1N1) virus. Our answer to this question can be valid for other eco-epidemiological systems.     

基于SLEUTH模型的杭州市城市扩展研究

以杭州市中心城区为研究区,以1991、1996、2000、2005年LandsatTM/ETM⁺为数据源,通过缓冲区分析、SLEUTH模型等方法,分析杭州市城市扩展情况和预测4种可能方案。SLEUTH模型校正结果最终的Compare和Lee-Sallee值分别为0.95和0.59,与近期城市用地数量和形态较为吻合,但在反映城市波动增长和新组团开发时存在不足。SLEUTH模型生成了现有发展趋势、交通引导、农田适度保护、紧凑城市等4种预测方案。与历史趋势相比,预测方案的面积呈线性增加,扩展热点继续向外围组团转移,扩展阶段为多核心发展。扩展强度空间分布上符合幂函数形式,距CBD12km和距城市边缘500m处为转折点,未来扩展强度均低于历史水平。若延续现有趋势,城市开发量为189km²,耕地年均消耗量为9km²。从规划角度来看,适当的农田保护措施可抑制城市扩散,交通可引导城市新区开发和减缓主城区压力,紧凑城市可使城市分布集中,从而可节约用地和调控城市形态。     

Chromium accumulation,transport and toxicity in plants∗

The predominant pathway for human exposure to chromium in non‐occupationally exposed individuals is via food with a daily intake of around 30–100 μgd^–1, with vegetables providing a major contribution. Unlike reports of chromium essentiality to man and animals, plants appear not to require chromium in spite of some early reports of a stimulatory growth effect.

Most reports on chromium in plants have been concerned with their growth on soils amended with sewage sludge, pF‐ash, tannery waste, or on ultra basic soils, which contain extreme concentrations of the element. Experimental studies with plants grown in hydroponic solution have often been undertaken at unrealistically high concentrations to examine the uptake of chromium in various forms, either as CrIII or CrVI at different pHs. In most cases, reports on chromium in plants deal with element concentrations and plant/soil relationships rather than detailed biochemical and physiological processes.

In general, chromium is largely retained in the roots of plants, although the oxidation state of chromium, pH, presence of humates and fulvates and plant species, affect plant uptake and transport. Leaves usually contain higher concentrations than grains. The uptake of CrIII is largely a passive process, whereas CrVI uptake is a metabolically mediated process via the sulphate pathway and is thus readily transported around the plant. The presence of a compound similar to trioxalate CrIII has been recorded while little chromium has been reported to be associated with cell organelles or soluble proteins.     

气体爆轰波在管道中绕射和反射的实验研究

本文实验研究了氢/氧/氩气体爆轰波在矩形管中900尖角绕射时的传播特性,利用烟迹技术记录了实验现象,运用爆轰波波阵面结构理论和激波绕射及反射理论对实验结果作了分析。结果表明平面气体爆轰波在900尖角绕射时由于横波失去碰撞以及稀疏波作用,稳定三波结构在绕射区发生变化,在反射激波作用下形成热点产生子爆炸,重新在垂直分支管中形成稳定爆轰波。     

饱和吸附2,4-二硝基甲苯后活性炭的电化学再生

以2,4-二硝基甲苯为吸附物,对吸附饱和的活性炭进行电化学再生,考察了再生时间、电流密度、体系pH、电解质NaCl质量浓度等对再生效果的影响。最佳的电化学再生工艺条件为电解质NaCl质量浓度15.0 g/L,电流密度20 mA/cm~2,体系pH为 5,再生时间2 h,在此条件下活性炭再生率可达102.57%。再生前后活性炭的微孔结构基本不变,微孔孔径分布于0.3～1.0 nm。再生后活性炭的比表面积增大,石墨化程度提高,表面含氧基团含量增加,总氧含量增加,碳含量有所下降。     

Coupling a settlement growth model with an agro-economic land allocation model for securing ecosystem services provision

Mountain landscapes are undergoing rapid land-use changes. Settlement expansion, the intensification of agricultural land-use practices, and farmland abandonment result in a decline of natural and semi-natural habitats and the related ecosystem services (ES). In this context, spatial planning has emerged as a key instrument for the management of ES provision. To better understand trade-offs and interactions between settlement growth and ES provision in a spatially explicit manner, we present a new modeling framework coupling an agent-based, agro-economic optimization model and a cellular-automata-based settlement growth model. The framework is applied in an inner alpine valley in the Valais, Switzerland, which experienced rapid settlement growth in recent years. Results demonstrate how the model framework allows support of local planning processes. Particularly cooperation among municipalities and an explicit consideration of ES can inform spatially explicit ES trade-off decisions under increasing demand for land. We conclude that better informed spatial planning processes support ES provision.     

基于元胞自动机的火源威胁下人员疏散模型*

为研究火源对人员疏散的影响,在现有场域模型的基础上进行扩展,结合元胞自动机提出1种考虑多出口吸引、人员从众行为与火源威胁3者耦合作用的场域疏散模型。此模型综合考虑心理和环境等因素,定量描述人员之间、人与环境之间的相互影响,将出口吸引、从众心理与火源威胁3个影响行人疏散决策的元素归一化,以静态场和动态场耦合作用确定的转移概率作为行人移动的准则。采用此模型,分别对火源位置、火源威胁范围扩散速度在疏散中的影响进行模拟研究。结果表明:模型在一定程度上能够反映火源威胁下行人的疏散过程,再现了行人躲避和趋众行为,能为火源威胁下行人疏散提供理论借鉴。     

中庭式建筑紧急情况下人员安全疏散性能研究

为研究公共建筑紧急情况下人员安全疏散性能,建立模拟中庭式建筑人员疏散的二维随机元胞自动机模型,在模型中考虑人员距出口的距离、出口吸引力、人员绕行、墙壁和障碍物的排斥力等因素;对局部人员疏散受限区域,引入局部吸引力增强疏导。以由9个房间和一个中庭构成的建筑为例,计算紧急情况下人员的安全疏散性能,考虑局部吸引力和不考虑局部吸引力的结果进行比较。研究表明:元胞自动机模型能较好地模拟中庭建筑的人员疏散,得到各时刻人员分布情况和平均疏散时间,能反映出疏散过程中的"瓶颈"效应;排斥力和局部吸引力为受限区域人员提供正确的方向,模拟了疏散人群避开障碍物的智慧行为。     

考虑绕行效应的人员疏散元胞自动机模型研究

在传统的元胞自动机疏散模型中,行人只考虑临近的4个网格状态以做出运动决策,而在实际疏散过程中,每个人会从更大的感知范围内收集信息,并会主动避开障碍物,从而选择更合理的路径。针对此问题,建立考虑绕行行为的元胞自动机模型（DCA模型）,模型引入行人感知范围参数,用于反映行人对障碍物的反应程度或绕行倾向;通过建立单门疏散场景,研究绕行效应对疏散的影响。研究结果表明:考虑绕行效应时,行人能够更好地绕过障碍物,在出口前形成典型的拱形聚集形态;感知范围越大,拱形聚集形态形成的越快;通过将DCA模型与经典的无后退的有偏随机行走模型和场域模型分别进行比较,DCA模型可以减少不必要和不合理的后退运动行为,这与实际更为一致。