蔗渣纤维素黄原酸酯的合成及其交换吸附性能研究

蔗渣纤维素经碱化后,与二硫化碳反应,得蔗渣纤维素黄原酸酯。研究了蔗渣纤维素黄原酸酯合成的最佳工艺条件,并探讨了它对重金属离子、阳离子染料的交换吸附性能以及再生性能。实验结果表明,蔗渣纤维素黄原酸酯的交换吸附性能优于粒状活性炭,是一种效率较高且价廉的污水处理材料。     

Combined reticular blind drainage and vertical hierarchical drainage system for landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level

A novel water control technology that combines the features of a reticular blind drainage system and a vertical hierarchical drainage system is developed and applied in the Yanziyan Sanitary Landfill, which is located at an area (Loudi City, Hunan Province, China) with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The reticular blind drain system, which was installed on the bottom and side walls of the landfill site, can conveniently guide the flow of groundwater out of the site while preventing a disorganized flow of groundwater. The vertical hierarchical drainage system was installed to separate rainfall water and leachate in the landfill site, thus efficiently reducing the pressure of leachate treatment. The whole drainage system plays a key role in foundation stabilization by seepage control and separation and in the instant drainage of rainfall water. The leachate reduction efficiency of the drainage technology was calculated in terms of leachate production before (336519 m³) and after (29664 m³) technology application. Over 90% of leachate derived from rainfall water and groundwater inflow was avoided upon installation of the vertical hierarchical drainage and reticular blind drainage systems. The technology can thus be popularized and applied for water control in landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The proposed technology can be used to alleviate the pressure of leachate treatment and to reduce the risk of instability.     

类脂/醋酸纤维素复合吸附材料的制备与性能

采用相转化法将类脂包埋到醋酸纤维素(CA)中,制备出了具有对水中低剂量亲脂性有机污染物高效吸附去除的平板膜.以扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料的结构形貌和表面特征.利用机械搅拌方式和超声方式对类脂进行分散的实验表明,超声对类脂的均匀分散具有强化作用.同时考察了铸膜温度(室温、0℃)对类脂分散的效果,表明低温有助于形成小的脂滴.另外,通过复合膜的红外谱图证实,类脂和CA属于物理混合,不会改变类脂的分子结构,从而不会影响类脂对亲脂性有机污染物的吸附性能.通过荧光分析法分析复合膜在正己烷溶剂中的稳定情况,表明类脂已被完好地包埋到膜中,因而在去除有机污染物的过程中不会从复合膜中渗出.     

现代垃圾填埋技术设计理念及其工程应用

对现代垃圾填埋技术的设计要点进行归纳,并结合上海市老港填埋场四期工程介绍其在工程设计中的具体应用。     

北京秋冬季近地层PM2.5质量浓度垂直分布特征

选取秋冬两季各14 d对北京地区近地层ρ(PM_2.5)垂直分布进行监测,获得ρ(PM_2.5)垂直廓线;结合同步测得的气象数据,就气象因素对垂直分布的影响进行了分析;最终拟合了ρ(PM_2.5)垂直廓线方程.研究表明:秋冬两季ρ(PM_2.5)的垂直分布随高度增加而呈对数递减的规律;风速随高度的变化遵循对数规律;发生逆温时,大气层结稳定,垂直方向上的湍流受到抑制,风速与PM_2.5逐时质量浓度在垂直方向的分布呈较好的线性关系,ρ(PM_2.5)随高度改变呈显著的对数相关关系;而在非逆温的情况下,PM_2.5逐时质量浓度垂直分布与风速线性相关的概率较小,质量浓度的垂直分布与高度的对数关系不显著.      

即时合成层状双氢氧化物法去除阴离子染料刚果红

利用层状双氢氧化物(LDH)合成原理,提出了即时合成LDH处理染料废水的方法,并对其可行性进行了实验研究.该方法的基本原理是由于Mg2+,Al3+水解共沉淀形成LDH,阴离子染料优先进入LDH结构层间平衡结构电荷,从而使阴离子染料以LDH沉淀的形式被去除.探讨了反应时间,pH,n(Mg2+):n(Al3+)及温度对染料去除率的影响.结果表明,在常温下,最佳pH为9.0,反应时间为2 h,n(Mg2+):n(Al3+)为2:1,对刚果红染料的去除率可达100%,效果十分显著.      

Impact of consistent boundary layer mixing approaches between NAM and CMAQ

Discrepancies in grid structure, dynamics and physics packages in the offline coupled NWS/NCEP NAM meteorological model with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model can give rise to inconsistencies. This study investigates the use of three vertical mixing schemes to drive chemistry tracers in the National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC). The three schemes evaluated in this study represent various degrees of coupling to improve the commonality in turbulence parameterization between the meteorological and chemistry models. The methods tested include: (1) using NAM predicted TKE-based planetary boundary height, h, as the prime parameter to derive CMAQ vertical diffusivity; (2) using the NAM mixed layer depth to determine h and then proceeding as in (1); and (3) using NAM predicted vertical diffusivity directly to parameterize turbulence mixing within CMAQ. A two week period with elevated surface O₃ concentrations during the summer 2006 has been selected to test these schemes in a sensitivity study. The study results are verified and evaluated using the EPA AIRNow monitoring network and other ozonesonde data. The third method is preferred a priori as it represents the tightest coupling option studied in this work for turbulent mixing processes between the meteorological and air quality models. It was found to accurately reproduce the upper bounds of turbulent mixing and provide the best agreement between predicted h and ozonesonde observed relative humidity profile inferred h for sites investigated in this study. However, this did not translate into the best agreement in surface O₃ concentrations. Overall verification results during the test period of two weeks in August 2006, did not show superiority of this method over the other 2 methods in all regions of the continental U.S. Further efforts in model improvement for the parameterizations of turbulent mixing and other surface O₃ forecast related processes are warranted.     

蛋鸡粪便理化指标与其肥料成分含量相关关系研究

为了寻找快速、简便、精确地测量液体蛋鸡粪便中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机物(OM)、铵态氮(AN)和总钾(TK)含量的方法,研究了采样前将样品搅拌或静置对所取样品代表性的影响,并用75份生长期为4～6月龄蛋鸡的液体粪便样本建立了密度(SG)与TN、TP、OM,电导率(EC)与AN和TK的一元线性回归模型以及SG、EC、pH与TN、TP、OM、AN和TK的多元线性回归模型.结果表明,对于TN、TP、OM、AN,采样前将样品充分搅拌是获得代表性样本的前提条件,而搅拌与否并不影响TK代表性样本的获得.SG与TN、TP、OM,EC与AN和TK均存在显著的线性相关性(P＜0.001),模型的决定系数(R2)均较高,分别为0.94,0.94,0.95,0.94和0.94,多元线性模型的决定系数高于一元线性模型的决定系数.用另外15份样本对5个一元线性回归模型进行验证,并对模型系数b和常数项a进行t检验,得出在显著水平α=0.05上,假设Ha0:(a)=0和Hb0:(b)=1全部接受.由此认为,SG与TN、TP和OM,EC与AN和TK所建立的一元线性回归模型均具有较好的预测效果.     

矿山粉尘的湿式纤维层过滤阻力类比研究

为提高矿山粉尘收集效率,对除尘器湿式过滤层纤维丝过滤阻力进行理论分析,建立粉尘粒子通过除尘器湿式纤维丝时的阻力理论模型,自行设计了湿式纤维层过滤实验模拟系统,模拟矿山粉尘特点进行了实验研究,对理论模型参数进行了无量纲修正,进一步完善粉尘湿式过滤的阻力理论公式.实验表明,该理论在实际应用中具有较高的准确性.经修正后的理论曲线不仅与实验曲线的趋势保持一致,同时数值上也基本吻合,具有良好的代表性.     

ETU mineralization in soil under influence of organic carbon content,temperature, concentration,and depth

The mineralization of ¹⁴C‐ETU was measured by the evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ and described with a mathematical model consisting of two terms — one term describing the immediate mineralization of ¹⁴C‐ETU and another term describing the first order degradation of humus and/or biomass, where ¹⁴C had been built in. The influence of pesticide concentration, depth of soil, and incubation temperature showed combined interaction effects on the amount of ¹⁴CO₂ formed during the process and on the degradation rate of the pesticide. With the addition of soil extract, a combined effect between concentration and addition of organic extract was seen for the degradation rate, while a three‐way interaction between depth, concentration and organic extract was seen for the formation of ¹⁴CO₂. Degradation of ¹⁴C‐ETU can thus not be described only through investigations of one single of the mentioned parameters.