黄土丘陵区刺槐林深层土壤有机碳矿化特征初探

土壤剖面100 cm以下的深层土壤有机碳储量在土壤碳储量中占有很大比例,研究深层土壤有机碳矿化特征以揭示其稳定性,可为深层土壤碳汇认证提供依据.本文以浅层土壤(0～100 cm)为对照,模拟深层土壤温度和水分条件(温度15℃、土壤含水量8%),研究了黄土丘陵区刺槐林深层土壤(100～400 cm)有机碳矿化特征.结果表明:①土壤有机碳总矿化量随着土壤深度增加呈下降趋势,亚深层(100～200 cm)、深层(200～400 cm)有机碳总矿化量分别占浅层(0～100 cm)土壤总矿化量的88.1%和67.8%;②亚深层、深层与浅层土壤有机碳矿化过程相似,分为3个阶段.快速分解阶段:亚深层、深层(0～10 d)的矿化量占总矿化量的比值约为浅层(0～17 d)的50%;缓慢分解阶段:亚深层、深层(11～45 d)的矿化量占总矿化量的比值约为浅层(18～45 d)的150%;相对稳定阶段:3个层次(46～62 d)矿化量占总矿化量的比值无明显差异.③浅层、亚深层、深层土壤有机碳矿化率差异不显著(P>0.05),有机碳稳定性基本一致.研究结果反映了深层土壤有机碳也参与土壤碳循环,在评估黄土丘陵区土壤固碳效应时应充分考虑深层土壤有机碳的变化.     

Experimental investigation of fast flame propagation in stratified hydrogen–air mixtures in semi-confined flat layers

This paper presents results of an experimental investigation on fast flame propagation and the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) and following detonation propagation in a semi-confined flat layer filled with stratified hydrogen–air mixtures. The experiments were performed in a transparent, rectangular channel open from below. The combustion channel has a width of 0.3 m and a length of 2.5 m. The effective layer thickness in the channel was varied by using different linear hydrogen concentration gradients. The method to create quasi-linear hydrogen concentration gradients that differ in the range and slope is also presented. The ignited mixtures were accelerated quickly to sonic flame speed in the first obstructed part of the channel. The interaction of the fast flame propagation with different obstacle set-ups was studied in the second part of the channel. The experimental results show an initiation of DDT by one additional metal grid in the obstructed semi-confined flat layer. Detonation propagation and failed detonation propagation were observed in obstructed and unobstructed parts of the channel.     

Fluid Mechanics of Serpentine Flow Fields on a Porous Media

Laminar flows are investigated in single and double parallel serpentine channels mounted on a porous media and it is found that significant convective transport occurs in porous media for practical fuel cell conditions. This transport increases with increasing flow Reynolds number, with decreasing land width, and most significantly with increasing channel length.

Increasing the number of parallel channels significantly decreases the pressure drop across the fuel cell, but also significantly decreases the magnitude of convective transport in the porous media. Increased parasitic loads must be put in the context of the change in electrochemical performance.

This paper presents both data and a methodology for beginning to think about flow field design from a hydrodynamic perspective.     

Measurements,Theories and Simulations of Particle Deposits on Super-Heater Tubes in a CFB Biomass Boiler

The present investigation involves theories, simulations and experiments on deposit layers on super-heater tubes in a circulating fluidised bed in Västerås in Sweden. Simulation of particle trajectories in the vicinity of two super-heater tubes is conducted in a Eulerian-Lagrangian mode for the flue gas and the ash particles from the combustion process. Particle impingements on the tubes are investigated for different particle sizes. Measurements of the buildup of deposit layers in the super-heater environment are conducted using a deposit probe. Deposit layer growth and growth rate is analysed for different probe temperatures, as well as the aspect of sintering on the probe ring surface. Analysis of the probe deposit material and deposits from the super-heaters and from textile filters are chemically analysed. The temperature dependence of the deposit materials viscosity is predicted from the chemical analysis of the samples. A model is included to simulate the effect of the deposit layer thickness on the tube heat exchange. The results from the particle trajectory simulations show that particle larger than 10 mm will mainly impinge on the front of the first tube and that smaller particles are more dispersed due to turbulence and thermophorectic forces, enabling a more even impingement on the whole surface of the tubes. The probe deposit layer growth measurements show significant temperature dependence. The deposit material sintering and distribution is proven to be dependent on; temperature, particle size and exposure time. The stickiness of the deposit material is shown to be dependent on the SiO₂ and alkali relation in the samples, estimated through a viscosity model.     

纤维素分解菌复合系MC1分解木薯淀粉厂残渣

木薯渣木质纤维素含量较高,是有开发潜力的生物质资源,目前,木薯渣主要用来生产饲料和酒精.用其进行甲烷发酵也是很有前景的应用途径,但是木薯渣含水量大,颗粒分散,不利于固体发酵.利用纤维素分解细菌复合系MC1分解木薯渣,可将其转化为可溶的小分子有机物,提高其甲烷发酵效率.在分解过程中测定了木薯渣各成分的减少和分解产物.结果显示,经18 d分解,木薯渣的总干重减少了47.3%,其中纤维素减少了22.7%,半纤维素减少了90.4%,木质素减少了11.3%,其总分解量的85%在前6 d被分解.MC1分解木薯渣过程中可溶性物质总含量开始为18%,3 d后达到最高,为33%.GC-MS测定挥发性产物的总量在培养6 d后达到最高,挥发性产物共检测出12种,其中量较大的化合物为乙醇、乙酸、乙二醇、丁酸及甘油,这些产物为甲烷发酵菌可直接利用或者容易转化为甲烷菌直接利用的成分.因此利用MC1分解木薯渣作为甲烷发酵的前发酵手段将很有应用前景.     

Friction spark generation and incendivity of several metal alloys

When metal alloys are used as mechanical equipment or tools in explosive atmospheres, the occurrence and incendivity of mechanically generated sparks as ignition sources should be taken into consideration. The formation of mechanically generated sparks was investigated for seven metals, including Q235 steel, 304 stainless steel, TC4 titanium alloy, 6061 aluminum alloy, H62 bronze alloy, AMAK3 zinc alloy, and AZ31B magnesium alloy. The relationship between the physical-chemical properties and generation and incendivity of friction sparks was evaluated. For 6061 aluminum alloy, H62 bronze alloy, AMAK3 zinc alloy, and AZ31B magnesium alloy, no bright friction sparks were observed in the maximum friction velocity of 12 m/s and maximum surface pressure of 3.75 N/mm², because of low hardness, high thermal conductivity, low melting point, and the absence of carbon content. Ignition testing indicated that nano titanium dust layers with MIEL (minimum ignition energy of dust layer) of 1 mJ were not ignited by friction particles from the four metal alloys. However, bright particles were clearly observed for 304 stainless steel, Q235 steel, and TC4 titanium alloy. Friction sparks at the maximum power densities showed incendivity with micro titanium layers having an MIEL of 17.5–25 mJ but not with PMMA, corn starch, and wood dust having MIELs greater than 1 J. Two different particle burning behaviors with different fragmentation mechanisms during the friction process were determined, namely the micro explosion phenomenon for TC4 titanium alloy and particle burst for Q235 steel. Results indicate that the physical-chemical properties of friction metal rods are useful for preliminary evaluation of spark generation. Powder layers with known MIEL can be considered as indicator testing materials to evaluate spark incendivity.     

1981~2017年四川省大气自净能力变化特征分析

利用四川省1981~2017年逐日地面气象观测资料和2017年1月环境监测资料,计算分析了四川省大气自净能力指数的时空变化特征及其影响因子,并初步探讨了2017年1月成都市大气自净能力指数与空气质量的关系.结果表明：四川省大气自净能力指数的分布形势以川西高原北部、川西高原南部、攀西地区、盆地西南部大气自净能力为较好到好,省内其余大部地区大气自净能力较差到差.近37a来,四川省、川西高原、攀西地区多年变化呈减弱趋势,四川盆地多年变化趋势不显著.影响因子中,四川省降水日平均大气自净能力指数小于非降水日.四川省以及各区域平均风速、通风量、风速较大日数和小风日数与大气自净能力指数呈显著正和负相关关系;混合层厚度与大气自净能力指数呈显著的正相关关系.     

Economics of "essential use exemptions" for metered-dose inhalers under the Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer has led to rapid reductions in the use of ozone-depleting substances worldwide. However, the Protocol provides for "essential use exemptions" (EUEs) if there are no "technically and economically feasible" alternatives. An application that might qualify as an "essential use" is CFC-powered medical metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the US and other nations have applied for exemptions in this case. One concern is that exemptions are necessary to ensure access to medications for low-income uninsureds. We examine the consequences of granting or withholding such exemptions, and conclude that government policies and private-sector programs are available that make it economically feasible to phase out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in this application, thereby furthering the global public health objectives of the Montreal Protocol without compromising the treatment of patients who currently receive medication by means of MDIs.     

蛋鸡粪便理化指标与其肥料成分含量相关关系研究

为了寻找快速、简便、精确地测量液体蛋鸡粪便中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机物(OM)、铵态氮(AN)和总钾(TK)含量的方法,研究了采样前将样品搅拌或静置对所取样品代表性的影响,并用75份生长期为4～6月龄蛋鸡的液体粪便样本建立了密度(SG)与TN、TP、OM,电导率(EC)与AN和TK的一元线性回归模型以及SG、EC、pH与TN、TP、OM、AN和TK的多元线性回归模型.结果表明,对于TN、TP、OM、AN,采样前将样品充分搅拌是获得代表性样本的前提条件,而搅拌与否并不影响TK代表性样本的获得.SG与TN、TP、OM,EC与AN和TK均存在显著的线性相关性(P＜0.001),模型的决定系数(R2)均较高,分别为0.94,0.94,0.95,0.94和0.94,多元线性模型的决定系数高于一元线性模型的决定系数.用另外15份样本对5个一元线性回归模型进行验证,并对模型系数b和常数项a进行t检验,得出在显著水平α=0.05上,假设Ha0:(a)=0和Hb0:(b)=1全部接受.由此认为,SG与TN、TP和OM,EC与AN和TK所建立的一元线性回归模型均具有较好的预测效果.     

消耗臭氧层物质销毁技术探讨——以天津市废家电拆解企业为例

以天津市消耗臭氧层物质(ODS)销毁示范项目为背景,介绍了天津市废家电拆解企业涉及ODS的回收及处置情况,并参考国内外淘汰ODS处置经验,以含ODS的废冰箱泡棉为例,介绍了较为适用的焚烧处置技术,为后期大量淘汰的ODS物质处置工作提供了技术参考.