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61.
湘中锡矿山锑矿田是世界闻名的超大型锑矿田。本文系统地叙述了该矿田该中各矿床蚀变硅化岩及其原岩的稀土元素地球化学特征 ,并在此基础上探讨了稀土元素所反映的地质意义。研究表明 ,尽管硅化岩的稀土元素地球化学特征与原岩相比有所改变 ,但仍可根据硅化岩的稀土元素地球化学特征来恢复原岩 ;根据硅化灰岩的稀土元素地球化学特征可以推测硅质岩的物质来源于地壳上部 ,结合本区硅化岩的硅同位素组成特点 ,可以推测硅质交代中的硅来源于周围地层 ;硅化岩的稀土元素变化特征证明了岩性为石灰岩的层位易于发生硅化 ,从而有利于矿化层的形成。 相似文献
62.
63.
Bruce Lyon 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(3):455-463
Hosts of avian brood parasites use a variety of defenses based on egg recognition to reduce the costs of parasitism; the most important of which is rejecting the parasitic eggs. Two basic recognition mechanisms are possible: “true recognition”, whereby hosts recognize their own eggs irrespective of their relative frequency in the clutch, and minority recognition (or “recognition by discordancy”), whereby hosts respond to the minority egg type. The mechanism of recognition has been experimentally studied in a handful of species parasitized by interspecific brood parasites, but the mechanism used in defenses against conspecific brood parasitism is unknown. I experimentally determined the mechanism of egg recognition in American coots (Fulica americana), a species with high levels of conspecific brood parasitism, egg recognition, and rejection. I swapped eggs between pairs of nests to alter frequencies of host and “parasite” eggs and then used two criteria for recognition: egg rejection and nonrandom incubation positions in the clutch. Eight of 12 nests (66%) given equal frequencies of host and parasite eggs showed evidence of true recognition. In contrast, only one of eight (12.5%) nests where host eggs were in the minority showed evidence of recognition by discordancy. The nonrandom incubation positions of parasitic eggs indicates that birds sometimes recognize parasitic eggs without rejecting them and provides a means of assessing recognition on a per nest basis in species with large clutches. Adaptive recognition without rejection may also be an important evolutionary stepping stone to the evolution of egg rejection in some taxa. 相似文献
64.
Eldridge S. Adams Lynn Atkinson Mark S. Bulmer 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1195-1201
Loss of aggression between social groups can have far-reaching effects on the structure of societies and populations. We tested
whether variation in the genetic structure of colonies of the termite Nasutitermes corniger affects the probability of aggression toward non-nestmates and the ability of unrelated colonies to fuse. We determined the
genotypes of workers and soldiers from 120 colonies at seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. Twenty-seven colonies contained
offspring of multiple founding queens or kings, yielding an average within-colony relatedness of 0.33. Genotypes in the remaining
93 colonies were consistent with reproduction by a single queen and king or their progeny, with an average within-colony relatedness
of 0.51. In standardized assays, the probability of aggression between workers and soldiers from different colonies was an
increasing function of within-colony relatedness. The probability of aggression was not affected significantly by the degree
of relatedness between colonies, which was near zero in all cases, or by whether the colonies were neighbors. To test whether
these assays of aggression predict the potential for colony fusion in the field, we transplanted selected nests to new locations.
Workers and soldiers from colonies that were mutually tolerant in laboratory assays joined their nests without fighting, but
workers and soldiers that were mutually aggressive in the assays initiated massive battles. These results suggest that the
presence of multiple unrelated queens or kings promotes recognition errors, which can lead to the formation of more complex
colony structures. 相似文献
65.
One mechanism that permits the maintenance of dominance hierarchies is individual recognition, defined as the ability of an animal to recognize a conspecific on the basis of one or more identifying cues, and to associate it with experiences of victories or defeats that the animal has gained from preceding encounters with that particular individual. We examined whether the long-clawed hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus, could differentiate between unfamiliar and familiar opponents. The experimental protocol was designed to control in pairs of interacting individuals several factors together, such as status and relative size of the opponent, as well as species, quality, and fit of the inhabited shell. The hermit crabs were more reactive and their agonistic level was higher in unfamiliar than in familiar pairs; in addition, betas were more prone to initiate an interaction with unfamiliar than with familiar alphas. The alternative explanation—that the ability to discriminate between familiar and novel shells can explain our results per se— was tested following, in part, Jackson and Elwoods (1989) protocol for Pagurus bernhardus and was, at least for this species, rejected. This study did not determine whether a true individual recognition occurs, but demonstrated that P. longicarpus categorizes the individuals into two heterogeneous subgroups, thus being capable of a binary discrimination among opponents.Communicated by T. Czeschlik 相似文献
66.
Peter Witzgall Jean-Pierre Chambon Marie Bengtsson C. Rikard Unelius Monica Appelgren Gyorgy Makranczy N. Muraleedharan Darwin W. Reed Klaus Hellrigl Hans-Ruedi Buser Eric Hallberg Gunnar Bergström Miklos Tóth Christer Löfstedt Jan Löfqvist 《Chemoecology》1996,7(1):13-23
Summary The geometric isomers (E,E)-, (E,Z)-, (Z,E)-, and (Z,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate were identified as sex pheromone components or sex attractants in the tribes Eucosmini and Grapholitini of the tortricid subfamily Olethreutinae. Species belonging to the more ancestral Tortricinae were not attracted. Each one isomer was behaviourally active in males ofCydia andGrapholita (Grapholitini), either as main pheromone compound, attraction synergist or attraction inhibitor. Their reciprocal attractive/antagonistic activity in a number of species enables specific communication with these four compounds.Pammene, as well as otherGrapholita andCydia responded to the monoenic 8- or 10-dodecen-1-yl acetates. Of the tribes Olethreutini and Eucosmini,Hedya, Epiblema, Eucosma, andNotocelia trimaculana were also attracted to 8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetates, but several otherNotocelia to 10,12-tetradecadien-1-yl acetates. The female sex pheromones ofC. fagiglandana, C. pyrivora, C. splendana, Epiblema foenella andNotocelia roborana were identified. (E,E)- and (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate are producedvia a commonE9 desaturation pathway inC. splendana. CallingC. nigricana andC. fagiglandana females are attracted to wingfanning males. 相似文献
67.
Mats Olsson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1994,34(3):169-173
A honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen mates with about ten haploid drones, thus producing colonies composed of about ten subfamilies of super-sisters. An increasing but controversial body of literature supports the views that: (1) Members of each subfamily within a colony can recognise each other, and distinguish supersisters from half-sisters. (2) Members of each subfamily use this recognition information and increase the reproductive fitness of their own subfamily at the expense of half-sisters through behaviour termed nepotism. A mathematical model is developed that shows that task specialisation by subfamilies, and bees that repeatedly undertake the behaviour within subfamilies, can influence the numbers of interactions among super-sisters, relative to the numbers of interactions between half-sisters. The model is then evaluated using a data set pertaining to trophallaxis behaviour in a two-subfamily colony. It is concluded that with this data set, task specialisation and subfamily recognition were indeed confounded, suggesting that the apparent subfamily recognition could easily have been an artefact of task specialisation.
Correspondence to: B.P. Oldroyd 相似文献
68.
Strike-induced chemosensory searching by a teiid lizard,the golden tegu (Tupinambis nigropunctatus) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
William E. Cooper Jr. 《Chemoecology》1993,4(2):79-85
Summary Strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) is experimentally demonstrated in a teiid lizard,Tupinambis nigropunctatus. SICS consists of a concurrent post-strike elevation in tongue-flick rate (PETF) and searching movements after voluntary release or escape of bitten prey or removal of prey from the predator's mouth. The results are consistent with previous data showing that PETF and/or SICS occur in all families of scleroglossan lizards and snakes and all families of actively foraging lizards yet studied. The relatively short duration of SICS (2 min) in a lizard having lingual and vomeronasal structure highly specialized for chemosensory sampling and analysis suggests that phylogenetic and ecological factors may be more important than morphology in determining the duration. The greatest known durations occur only in the presumably monophyletic clade containing varanoid lizards and snakes, all of which have highly developed chemical sampling and chemoreceptor apparatus, but in addition feed on prey that has a high probability of being relocated by prolonged scent-trailing. Because only active foragers move through the habitat while tongue-flicking and exhibit lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination, only active foragers may be expected to use SICS. SICS would appear to be useless to an ambush forager and might disrupt its defensive crypticity, rendering it more detectable to predators and prey. Therefore, it may be predicted that SICS is adaptively adjusted to foraging mode. 相似文献
69.
对一个磷肥厂周围12个村庄的人发、粮食和饮水硒、碘、氟进行了测定,利用改进的模糊数学中的群体识别法对以上数据进行分析,所得结果表明,受污染较重的几个村庄人体硒、碘、氟含量确实受到来自磷肥厂的大气高浓度硒、碘、氟的直接影响. 相似文献
70.
评价指标的不确定性是影响巷道稳定性评价的关键。为提高巷道稳定性评价的针对性,建立科学合理的评价模型,从地质条件和工程实际出发,运用未确知测度理论,选取影响巷道稳定性的岩体结构、顶板岩性、岩层倾角、开采深度、施工质量、断面形状、断面面积、支护效果、顶板控制方法、顶板位移量、巷道使用时间等11项因素。根据实测数据建立各影响因素的未确知测度函数,构建矿山巷道的稳定性等级评价和排序模型。采用定性、定量方法分析巷道稳定性评价中的不确定性影响因素,利用熵计算各影响因素的指标权重。依照置信度识别准则进行等级判定,得出巷道稳定性评价结果,并进行稳定程度排序。将该方法应用于某矿8条回采巷道的稳定性评价中。岩层倾角、开采深度、顶板位移量等3个评价指标权重比值差异较大,属于敏感性评价指标。较巷道R_(03)而言,巷道R_(08)的岩层倾角和开采深度2个评价指标的敏感性尤为明显,比值分别达77.43%、-46.72%。置信度取值的增加对评价结果没有显著影响,评价结果的可靠度较高。研究表明,将未确知测度理论应用于巷道稳定性评价是可行的。 相似文献