Reducing ammonia gas from chicken manure with lime and soybean plants

This research is aimed at addressing the complaints of local people living near chicken farms who are disturbed by odors caused by livestock activities, and specifically, by the generation of ammonia gas from chicken manure. Methods that are expected to reduce the intensity of ammonia gas odors include both scattering lime on the surface of the soil and planting soybeans around the cages. The results obtained showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas by 57.48%–from 1.67 parts per million (ppm) near an untreated cage to 0.71 ppm near the cage that achieved the best results. The study found that spreading lime evenly over the chicken manure was the most effective method that farmers could use to reduce ammonia odors. The sample area treated by the addition of soybean plants showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas from 1.67 to 0.78 ppm.     

Climate,urbanisation and vulnerability to vector-borne disease in subtropical coastal Australia: Sustainable policy for a changing environment

This paper examines the current health policy response to the management of vector-borne disease (VBD), specifically Ross River (RR) virus, in subtropical coastal Australia. It demonstrates the multi-dimensional nature of the VBD problem and considers the value of more sustainable policy responses. The paper provides an integrated exploration of the incidence of RR virus in the context of socio-biophysical interactions and change, climate variability, and possible enhanced threat due to climate change. The study focuses on two subtropical coastal case study regions in Australia. Collectively, the existing and emerging socio-biophysical interactions in these regionsraise questions as to the future risks and management of RR virus, while climate change adds a significant further dimension. The paper demonstrates the need for the incorporation of environmental planning elements, particularly attention to strategic assessment and planning, into the traditional suite of health policy responses given the multi-dimensional nature of the problem and evident socio-biophysical environmental change.     

不同原料厌氧发酵及其微生物种群的研究

使用PCR-DGGE技术,对以鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪、秸秆为发酵原料的发酵体系的微生物群落多样性进行了研究.在发酵不同时间取样,进行了日产甲烷量、日产甲烷浓度的变化分析和DGGE分析.结果表明,日产甲烷量整体趋势为猪粪>鸡粪>秸秆>牛粪,日平均产甲烷量分别为2.67、2.24、0.99、0.49L;猪粪、鸡粪、秸秆的日产甲烷浓度在整个发酵周期大多可维持在50%以上,牛粪的日产甲烷浓度大部分时间低于30%;细菌的优势菌群有拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)、密螺旋体属(Treponema)、厌氧绳菌科(Anaerolineaceae)等,新增优势菌群有梭菌属(Clostridium)、脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)、毛螺旋菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、醋弧菌属(Acetivibrio);古菌的优势菌群有甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)、甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales),新增优势菌群有斯氏甲烷球菌属(Methanosphaera stadtmanae).     

基于CSTR反应器鸡粪秸秆共消化产甲烷特性及菌群变化研究

基于实际工程通过控制有机负荷对不同配比鸡粪和玉米秸秆 （VS比分别为1：0、5：2、1：1）进行联合厌氧消化,分析了不同VS比变化对水解酶活性及微生物动态群落变化的影响,并确定了鸡粪秸秆联合厌氧消化的最优配比.结果表明,当VS比为1：1时,碳氮比 （C/N）为17,此时甲烷日产量峰值为31.46 L,累计产甲烷量为940.96 L,产甲烷效果最好,为最优配比;对比3组实验秸秆表面结构降解情况,C3 （VS比=1：1）组各水解酶活性均高于C1 （VS比=1：0）和C2 （VS比=5：2）组,且Megasphaera和Bacteroides作为纤维素酶主要分泌菌属相对丰度较高,纤维素酶活性峰值达到258.94 U·mL^-1,使秸秆中的纤维素和木质素得到有效降解;秸秆含量增加提高了水解细菌多样性,降低了古菌多样性,Lactobacillus属于Bacteroidetes门,由于其具有较好的抗逆性在C2和C3组丰度较高,能够作为水解产酸阶段的优势菌属;C3组产甲烷古菌丰度变化较为稳定,在实验中期以食氢产甲烷菌为主,优势菌属主要有Methanosphaera和Methanobrevibacter,实验后期以食乙酸产甲烷菌为主,优势菌属主要为Methanosaeta、Methanospirillum和Methanoregula.     

Social status in relation to Sindbis virus infection clearance in greenfinches

The ability to resist infections can differ between individuals of different social rank. This study investigates if the clearance of an avian virus infection (Sindbis virus) was related to the social status of greenfinches (Carduelis chloris) and if infected birds would decline in social status. The results showed that virus clearance patterns were related to social status. Within groups of birds with similar plumage color (a social status signal), body mass and age, a birds social status could be used to predict virus clearance patterns. Dominant birds had higher virus concentrations early in the infection and lower virus titres during later stages of the infection as compared to birds that were subordinates. The infection had no significant effect on previously established social ranks, and ranks that were established during the infection did not appear to be influenced by a birds infection status. In conclusion, this study exemplifies a case where the social rank of an individual was a predictor of the ability to clear a viral infection. The underlying physiological mechanisms of this relationship remain to be further investigated.Communicated by C. Brown     

Virus transport in physically and geochemically heterogeneous subsurface porous media

A two-dimensional model for virus transport in physically and geochemically heterogeneous subsurface porous media is presented. The model involves solution of the advection-dispersion equation, which additionally considers virus inactivation in the solution, as well as virus removal at the solid matrix surface due to attachment (deposition), release, and inactivation. Two surface inactivation models for the fate of attached inactive viruses and their subsequent role on virus attachment and release were considered. Geochemical heterogeneity, portrayed as patches of positively charged metal oxyhydroxide coatings on collector grain surfaces, and physical heterogeneity, portrayed as spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity, were incorporated in the model. Both layered and randomly (log-normally) distributed physical and geochemical heterogeneities were considered. The upstream weighted multiple cell balance method was employed to numerically solve the governing equations of groundwater flow and virus transport. Model predictions show that the presence of subsurface layered geochemical and physical heterogeneity results in preferential flow paths and thus significantly affect virus mobility. Random distributions of physical and geochemical heterogeneity have also notable influence on the virus transport behavior. While the solution inactivation rate was found to significantly influence the virus transport behavior, surface inactivation under realistic field conditions has probably a negligible influence on the overall virus transport. It was further demonstrated that large virus release rates result in extended periods of virus breakthrough over significant distances downstream from the injection sites. This behavior suggests that simpler models that account for virus adsorption through a retardation factor may yield a misleading assessment of virus transport in "hydrogeologically sensitive" subsurface environments.     

鸡粪中3种四环素类抗生素在棕壤中的动态变化及原因分析

采用室内模拟培养试验,研究了鸡粪中3种四环素类抗生素在棕壤中含量的动态变化规律及消解途径.结果表明鸡粪中所含的3种四环素类抗生素在棕壤中的含量均表现为前期迅速下降,中后期逐渐平稳的规律,但不同种类和用量处理的变化速率和降解率有显著差异(p＜0.05);180 d时,3种抗生素在棕壤中的降解率为金霉素＞土霉索＞四环素,相...     

菌渣、鸡粪联合堆肥工艺研究

对以菌渣、鸡粪为主要原料的静态条垛式好氧堆肥工艺进行了研究.结果表明在1次发酵过程中,温度维持在55 ℃以上的时间均超过7 d.堆肥结束时,堆体温度恢复到略高于室温水平,含水率下降15%左右,pH值为7.8左右,总氮含量损失了13.8%～15%,并且主要发生在1次发酵阶段.本文通过对各参数的测定和分析发现,菌渣和鸡粪通过添加酵素菌进行30 d左右好氧发酵,即可获得高质量的堆肥产品,对堆肥工程有指导作用.     

鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵产甲烷的研究

在中温(35℃±1℃)条件下,采用批式发酵方式,进行了鸡粪与互花米草沼渣不同混合比例的厌氧发酵实验.实验设置鸡粪∶互花米草沼渣干物质(TS)比分别为5∶0(T1)、4∶1(T2)、3∶2(T3)、2∶3(T4)、1∶4(T5)和0∶5(T6)共6个处理.结果表明,经中温干发酵后的互花米草沼渣仍具有一定的厌氧产沼气能力,TS产气量为107.25 mL.g-1,甲烷含量为76.92%,厌氧微生物对互花米草沼渣纤维素的结晶区有一定的破坏作用,厌氧发酵后纤维素的相对结晶度指数CrI下降了5.55%;将鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵,明显提高了原料的厌氧产气性能,T2的产气效果最好,T1、T3～T6的累积产气量分别为T2的61.31%、62.09%、52.15%、39.74%和31.67%;鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵的产酸类型为混合型发酵,发酵过程中未出现酸化现象;混合发酵对破坏互花米草沼渣纤维素的结晶区有利,促进效果在1.13%～21.61%.     

高校数字图书馆网络安全风险分析与策略

从数字图书馆网络内部和使用服务的外部两方面,分析高校图书馆网络面临的硬件安全风险、软件安全风险、技术风险、管理风险以及外部攻击安全风险等主要风险。结合网络安全技术的发展,分别提出各自的应对策略。重点分析黑客攻击和网络病毒的控制方法,包括采用杀毒防护软件、运用防火墙技术、加密认证技术、入侵检测技术、VLAN技术、内容检查与监控技术以及虚拟蜜罐技术等等。图书馆网络系统只有实现了设备的本质安全化、人员网络技术的专业化以及管理的正规化,才能有效地规避各种网络安全风险和确保网络系统的正常运行,研究结果对如何预防与控制高校数字图书馆网络安全风险具有借鉴和指导作用。