腾冲热海高温酸性热泉类病毒颗粒的多样性

为了解云南腾冲热海高温酸性热泉中类病毒颗粒的多样性及特征,采用电子显微镜、双层平板及DNA限制性酶切分析等方法,从腾冲热海61~94℃酸性热泉富集液中分离纯化病毒颗粒,对病毒形态特征进行分析比较.结果显示:腾冲热海不同酸性热泉样品富集培养物中病毒DNA的限制性酶切图谱差异明显;病毒液中共观察到4种不同类型的病毒状颗粒,依据其形态特征,大致可以分为头尾型病毒、丝状病毒、球状病毒、纺锤型病毒;这些病毒形态与分离自美国、日本、冰岛等地的高温酸性热泉病毒形态基本相似,多数类似于硫化叶菌已发现的病毒,可见腾冲热海高温酸性热泉中类病毒颗粒具有一定的多样性.同时分离获得一株硫化叶菌病毒,呈纺锤形,一端有尾,纺锤形头部的大小为220 nm×80 nm,尾部的长度变化很大,从20~100 nm不等,平均长度为50 nm左右,病毒有囊膜,囊膜的厚度约为10~15 nm,该病毒的形态特征、形成抑菌斑的大小及宿主菌株的特性与分离自腾冲热海的第一株硫化叶菌病毒STSV1差异显著,可能为一株新的硫化叶菌病毒,故命名为STSV2(Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped virus 2).     

Evaluation of the relationship of picoplankton and viruses to environmental variables in a lagoon system (Çakalburnu Lagoon,Turkey)

Lagoons are defined as wetlands separated from the sea coasts on which they are located and sit between continental and marine aquatic ecosystems. Çakalburnu Lagoon is a coastal wetland on the southern side of the Bay of ?zmir. Microorganisms, which are quite sensitive to changes occurring in environmental factors, are commonly used to determine the impact of environmental effects on the functioning of the ecosystem. In this study, variations in the abundance and biomass of picoplankton (Synechococcus spp. and bacteria) and the abundance of viruses, which identify the ecological productivity of the food chain, were seasonally examined by epifluorescence microscopy. Moreover, the microbial abundance and biomass relation over time between the physical and chemical parameters was evaluated. According to our results, the maximum abundance of Synechococcus spp. and viruses was 6.7?×?10⁴ cell/ml and 9.9?×?10⁸?cell/ml in the summer, respectively. Otherwise, the highest level of bacteria was measured at 3.6?×?10⁷ cell/ml in the spring. Based on the principal component analysis and Pearson correlation analysis results, we concluded that total suspended solids, Chl-a, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen were the major parameters influencing the observed variability of the lagoon system. Overall, to protect and improve the ecological and microbiological quality of aquatic systems such as lagoons, the necessary monitoring and measurement studies should be conducted in these sensitive areas.     

The interaction of heat shock proteins and some components of plant viruses北大核心CSCD

Considerable research has indicated that heat shock proteins (Hsp), as molecular chaperones, carry out many biological activities of plant viruses by folding, transporting, translocating, assembling, or degrading client proteins. It is fundamental to develop resistant plant varieties and novel anti-viral agents by determining the interaction mechanisms between plant viruses and hosts. In this study, we first reviewed the classification, gene and protein structure, and biological significances. We then analyzed the assembling mechanism of Hsp70 or Hsp90, plant host cofactors, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in a viral replicase complex, and the mechanism of interaction and subcellular localization between Hsp70 and some plant virus components. We highlighted the mechanism of interaction and movement between Hsp70 and some plant virus components and the effect of Hsp expression of plant hosts or viruses. The results indicated where the mechanism occurred, the participating factors, energy supply, and material conversion between Hsps and the plant virus components for the course of the intracellular movement, local movement between cells, and long-distance movement, and showed the Hsp type specificity and the law of dynamic Hsp expression in plant hosts infected by viruses. The studies mainly focused on the two Hsp factors and the plant viral components, indicating limited coordination mechanisms among many nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides in macromolecular protein complexes (MRC). Future research should analyze the translocation mechanism between client proteins and Hsps, the coordination mechanism between Hsps and MRC components, and the relation between MRC and the plant tissue structure. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

养殖场饲养鸡对苯并[a]芘的摄入、排泄和积累

在北京市郊区一家中等规模养鸡场采集了不同品种和不同生长阶段的饲养鸡的肌肉和内脏样品,并同步采集了鸡蛋、饲料、粪便和大气样品,测定了其中苯并[a]芘的浓度,据此分析了苯并[a]芘在饲养鸡体内的积累、排泄和代谢的动态过程.结果显示,饲养鸡体内各组织苯并[a]芘的湿重浓度在0.024～0.15ng·g-1之间,肌肉中的浓度显著低于其它组织;饲料和粪便中的浓度显著高于体内各组织浓度.饲养鸡体内摄入的苯并[a]芘约60%在体内代谢,约三分之一直接排泄进入粪便,仅有少量残留在体内如表皮、肌肉和其他器官中.肌肉、肝脏和胃中苯并[a]芘浓度和总累积量的动态变化规律不尽相同.北京居民摄食类似鸡肉导致的对苯并[a]芘的暴露量较春、秋、冬季呼吸暴露量低两个量级,与夏季呼吸暴露量相当.     

镉对体外培养鸡脾淋巴细胞钙稳态的影响

为了探讨钙稳态在镉对禽类免疫抑制中的作用,以终浓度为10 pμmol·L-1的CdCI:对急性分离的鸡脾淋巴细胞进行染毒,分别在培养12、24、36、48 h和72 h时收集细胞,采用Eura-2/AM荧光标记、半定量RT-PCR和酶试剂盒比色的方法分别研究了细胞内游离钙离子浓度、CaMmRNA的表达以及钙泵的活性.结果表明,随着镉作用时间的延长,淋巴细胞内游离钙离子浓度不断升高.CaM mRNA表达水平和钙泵活性不断下降,试验组与对照组差异显著(p<0.05或P<0.01),提示镉可使淋巴细胞内钙稳态失调而发挥免疫毒性作用.     

镉对鸡垂体Fas和caspase-3 mRNA表达的影响

探讨氯化镉(CdCl2)诱导鸡脑垂体细胞凋亡的发生情况及对凋亡相关基因Fas和caspase-3表达的影响.选择健康50日龄海兰白蛋鸡90只,分为3组,每组30只,以CdCl2含量为0、140、210 mg·kg -1的拌料饲喂,分别于染毒20d、40d和60d时取垂体,用原位末端标记(Tunel)和RT-PCR方法检测细胞凋亡和基因表达情况.实验结果表明,CdCl2作用后可致鸡腺垂体细胞呈现明显的凋亡征象,并可诱导垂体细胞Fas和caspase-3 mRNA表达的增加;在整个试验期的各个时间点2个剂量组的凋亡率和基因表达量与对照组相比差异显著(p<0.01),且随着染镉时间的延长,低剂量组的凋亡率以及Fas、caspase-3 mRNA表达增加较明显.这表明,一定剂量的CdCl2可诱导鸡垂体细胞凋亡,在此过程中Fas和caspase-3 mRNA表达呈现出与凋亡较为一致的趋势.     

Characteristic and mercury adsorption of activated carbon produced by CO2 of chicken waste

Preparation of activated carbon from chicken waste is a promising way to produce a useful adsorbent for Hg removal. A three-stage activation process （drying at 200℃, pyrolysis in N2 atmosphere, followed by CO2 activation） was used for the production of activated samples. The effects of carbonization temperature （409-4500℃）, activation temperature （700-900℃）, and activation time （1-2.5 h） on the physicochemical properties （weight-loss and BET surface） of the prepared carbon wereinvestigated. Adsorptive removal of mercury from real flue gas onto activated carbon has been studied. The activated carbon from chicken waste has the same mercury capacity as commercial activated carbon （Darco LH） （Hg^v： 38.7% vs. 53.5%, Hg^0： 50.5% vs. 68.8%）, although its surface area is around 10 times smaller, 89.5 m^2/g vs. 862 m^2/g. The low cost activated carbon can be produced from chicken waste, and the procedure is suitable.     

规模化养殖场鸡粪营养物质和污染元素的组成特点

营养物质和有害元素的状况直接影响畜禽粪的利用价值.从浙江省代表性规模化养殖场收集19个鸡粪样,分析其营养物质、污染元素含量及P、Cu、Zn的化学形态.结果表明,鸡粪中含有较为丰富的粗蛋白和矿物质,但同时也含有较高量的Cu、Zn及可溶性盐分.鸡粪中P、Cu和Zn主要以可提取态存在,有较高的生物有效性和移动性.鸡粪中微量元素和重金属含量明显高于饲料,并受饲料中相应元素含量的影响;鸡粪与饲料之间的Ca、Mg、P、K、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Pb和Zn含量显著相关,饲料质量是影响鸡粪重金属元素含量的主要因素.     

MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF PUGET SOUND BASIN STREAMS AND IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANT SOURCES1

ABSTRACT: Fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and somatic coliphages were detected in samples from 31 sites on streams draining urban and agricultural regions of the Puget Sound Basin Lowlands. Densities of bacteria in 48 and 71 percent of the samples exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's freshwater recreation criteria for Escherichia coli and enterococci, respectively, and 81 percent exceeded Washington State fecal coliform standards. Male‐specific coliphages were detected in samples from 15 sites. Male‐specific F⁺RNA coliphages isolated from samples taken at South Fork Thornton and Longfellow Creeks were serotyped as Group II, implicating humans as potential contaminant sources. These two sites are located in residential, urban areas. F⁺RNA coliphages in samples from 10 other sites, mostly in agricultural or rural areas, were serotyped as Group I, implicating non‐human animals as likely sources. Chemicals common to wastewater, including fecal sterols, were detected in samples from several urban streams, and also implicate humans, at least in part, as possible sources of fecal bacteria and viruses to the streams.     

铝对体外培养鸡脾淋巴细胞的免疫毒性

以鸡脾脏淋巴细胞为试验对象,通过短期体外培养的方法研究了铝暴露对鸡免疫细胞的毒性作用.将不同浓度的AlCl3添加到培养液中(终浓度分别为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8mg·mL-1),对鸡脾淋巴细胞原代培养24h,检测培养液上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,淋巴细胞增殖、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量.结果表明,与对照组相比,各暴露组培养液上清中LDH活性均显著升高(p<0.05,p<0.01),且随铝暴露浓度的增加,LDH活性逐渐升高,呈明显的剂量-反应关系,表明铝暴露能够破坏鸡脾淋巴细胞膜,导致细胞活性下降;与对照组相比,各暴露组淋巴细胞增殖能力、培养液上清中IL-2和TNF-α含量均显著降低(p<0.05,p<0.01),且随铝暴露浓度的增加,3者均逐渐降低,呈明显的剂量-反应关系,表明铝对体外培养鸡脾淋巴细胞具有一定的免疫毒性作用。