养鸡项目对环境空气的影响分析研究

养殖场恶臭来自肉鸡粪便、污水、垫料、饲料等腐败分解,肉鸡的新鲜粪便、消化道排出的气体,皮脂腺和汗腺的分泌物,粘附在体表的污物等,呼出气中的CO2等也会散发出鸡特有的难闻气味。但养鸡场恶臭主要来源是鸡粪便排出体外之后的腐败分解。影响鸡场恶臭产生的主要因素是清粪方式、管理水平、粪便和污水的无害化处理程度。同时,也与场址规划和布局、畜舍设计、畜舍通风等有关。鸡舍内的有害气体主要来自鸡群的呼吸、排泄、饲料等有机成分分解。有害气体主要有氨气、硫化氢、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、甲烷、臭粪素等。其中对环境危害最大的恶臭物质是NH3和H2S。分析养鸡项目对环境空气的影响及所采取的污染防治措施。     

不同发酵方式对鸡粪重金属及有机质影响

以鸡粪和稻草秸秆为原料,研究了一次堆肥发酵（包括液体菌剂发酵,L;固体菌剂发酵,S;高温酵素发酵,E）,以及连续二次堆肥发酵（高温酵素发酵+液体菌剂发酵,EL;高温酵素发酵+固体菌剂发酵,ES）下有机肥中重金属含量和形态分布规律、理化性质以及有机质变化特征.结果表明,与堆肥前相比,堆肥后鸡粪有机肥pH值显著增加（P < 0.05）,而EC值和含水率均显著减少（P < 0.05）.小白菜种子发芽率由堆肥前的高达58.1%下降到堆肥后小于20%.堆肥后重金属由可溶态向难降解残渣态转化,有机肥中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb和As钝化率分别达到27.2%~69.3%、17.1%~50.7%、24.0%~68.7%、16.9%~46.3%、33.1%~54.3%和0.4%~29.5%.腐殖物质和胡敏酸含量显著增加（P < 0.05）,胡敏酸/富里酸（HA/FA）比值均上升.堆肥中多糖类和脂肪族化合物含量均有所增加,但香族类化合物有所降低.从重金属钝化率、有机肥腐熟度等有机肥无害化指标来看,连续二次发酵效果优于一次发酵,其中EL效果最佳.     

高校数字图书馆网络安全风险分析与策略

从数字图书馆网络内部和使用服务的外部两方面,分析高校图书馆网络面临的硬件安全风险、软件安全风险、技术风险、管理风险以及外部攻击安全风险等主要风险。结合网络安全技术的发展,分别提出各自的应对策略。重点分析黑客攻击和网络病毒的控制方法,包括采用杀毒防护软件、运用防火墙技术、加密认证技术、入侵检测技术、VLAN技术、内容检查与监控技术以及虚拟蜜罐技术等等。图书馆网络系统只有实现了设备的本质安全化、人员网络技术的专业化以及管理的正规化,才能有效地规避各种网络安全风险和确保网络系统的正常运行,研究结果对如何预防与控制高校数字图书馆网络安全风险具有借鉴和指导作用。     

鸡粪卫生无害化处理技术研究

利用2级厌氧处理实验,为中小型养鸡场的鸡粪处理提供了一种处理工艺和新的一体化装置,特别研究了鸡粪卫生无害化处理方法.实验在HRT为3.01 d,有机负荷7.85kg COD/m3·d的条件下,COD去除率达到了75.77%,COD产气率0.381 m3/kg COD·d,出水卫生指标符合国标要求.     

基于CSTR反应器鸡粪秸秆共消化产甲烷特性及菌群变化研究

基于实际工程通过控制有机负荷对不同配比鸡粪和玉米秸秆(VS比分别为1∶0、5∶2、1∶1)进行联合厌氧消化,分析了不同VS比变化对水解酶活性及微生物动态群落变化的影响,并确定了鸡粪秸秆联合厌氧消化的最优配比.结果 表明,当VS比为1∶1时,碳氮比(C/N)为17,此时甲烷日产量峰值为31.46L,累计产甲烷量为940....     

废水活性污泥处理过程去除TMV效果研究

对间歇及连续运行废水活性污泥处理过程去除人为污染高浓度烟草花叶病毒(tobaccomosaicvirus,TMV)的效率及其影响因素进行了研究.结果显示活性污泥去除TMV的效果受工艺参数的影响,其中污泥浓度直接影响所加入TMV的去除效率.同时,曝气强度也影响病毒的去除效率.在2个具不同运行工艺参数的活性污泥系统中连续加入枯斑数达(2 5～6 7)×104·L-1的TMV,连续运行一周其去除率仍均大于98%.当污泥BOD负荷率在0 534～0 899kg·(kg·d)-1,水力停留时间在4 8～10 2h,平均MLVSS在1780～3250mg·L-1范围内,TMV的去除效率同这些参数关系不大,说明活性污泥系统可有效地去除植物病毒而不过分地依赖于工艺条件,这为活性污泥法去除植物病毒的稳定性提供了保证.然而病毒的去除不等于灭活,很大程度上病毒仅是从液相转移到了固相,污泥中的病毒浓度往往比游离高出许多倍.因此在污泥农用、处置时要充分考虑到污泥的病毒学安全性问题.同时,在评价废水处理的有效性时也要考虑到这种现象.     

污水稳定塘菌-藻生态系统去除与灭活植物病毒TMV研究

了解污水稳定塘生态系统去除与灭活植物病毒的效率与机理具有重要的理论和实际意义.对模型植物病毒———烟草花叶病毒(tobaccomosaicvirus,TMV)的实验结果显示:稳定塘系统中的悬浮固体(SS)可在短时间内吸附TMV且达到一个饱和值.纯培养的枯草芽孢杆菌及小球藻对TMV的存活无明显不良影响,而光合细菌和稳定塘中的混合细菌群却对TMV具有灭活作用.当它们同藻类形成菌藻共生体系时,对TMV的灭活速率分别从对照的每天0 0404log10(枯斑数·mL-1)升高到0 0783log10(枯斑数·mL-1)和0 075log10(枯斑数·mL-1) 因此,在污水稳定塘生态系统中,由于病毒对悬浮固体的吸附以及菌藻共生体系中微生物的作用可有效地去除与灭活植物病毒,其中悬浮固体吸附病毒并非真正意义上的灭活,稳定塘中存在的细菌特别是光合细菌对植物病毒的灭活才是最主要的因素.     

Comparison of fatty acid profile in the chicken meat after feeding with narasin,nicarbazin and salinomycin sodium and phyto-additive substances

The purpose of this study was an experimental investigation and a statistical evaluation of the influence of various additives in feed mixtures of broiler chickens on fatty acids content and their ratio in breast and thigh muscles. First feed additive consisted of narasin, nicarbasin and salinomycin sodium, and other five additives were of phytogenic origin. In vivo experiment was realized on the poultry experimental station with deep litter breeding system. A total of 300 one-day-old hybrid chickens Cobb 500 divided into six groups were used for the experiment. The experimental period was divided into four phases, i.e. Starter, Grower 1, Grower 2 and Final, according to the application of commercial feed mixture of soy cereal type. Additive substances used in feed mixtures were different for each group. Basic feed mixtures were equal for all groups. Fatty acid profile of breast and thigh muscles was measured by the method of FT IR Nicolet 6700. Investigated additive substances in the feed mixtures did not have statistically significant effect on fatty acid content and omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio in breast and thigh muscles. Strong statistically significant relation between omega-6 PUFAs and total PUFAs were proved by experiment. A relation between omega-3 PUFAs and total PUFAs was found only in the group with Biocitro additive.     

Antibiotic resistance,virulence factors and biofilm formation ability in Escherichia coli strains isolated from chicken meat and wildlife in the Czech Republic

Attachment of pathogenic bacteria to food contact surfaces and the subsequent biofilm formation represent a serious threat for the food industry, since these bacteria are more resistant to antimicrobials or possess more virulence factors. The main aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between antibiotic resistance against 13 antibiotics, distribution of 10 virulence factors and biofilm formation in 105 Escherichia coli strains according to their origin. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance that we have found in wildlife isolates could be acquired by horizontal transfer of resistance genes from human or domestic or farm animals. Consequently, these commensal bacteria might serve as indicator of antimicrobial usage for human and veterinary purposes in the Czech Republic. Further, 46 out of 66 resistant isolates (70%) were able to form biofilm and we found out statistically significant correlation between prevalence of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation ability. The highest prevalence of antibiotic resistance was observed in weak biofilm producers. Biofilm formation was not statistically associated with any virulence determinant. However, we confirmed the correlation between prevalence of virulence factors and host origin. Chicken isolates possessed more virulence factors (66%), than isolates from wildlife (37%). We can conclude that the potential spread of antibiotic resistance pattern via the food chain is of high concern for public health. Even more, alarming is that E. coli isolates remain pathogenic potential with ability to form biofilm and these bacteria may persist during food processing and consequently lead to greater risks of food contamination.