鸡败血型葡萄球菌病的诊断与治疗

鸡葡萄球菌是由致病性金黄色葡萄球菌引起鸡的一种环境性传染病,已成为一些养鸡场的常见病之一,本病的特点是引起鸡的急性败血症,发病率和死亡率都很高,造成的经济损失很大。     

不同药物防疫程序对三黄鸡育雏效果的比较研究

采取3个不同药物防疫程序对2 100羽三黄鸡进行了为期8周的育雏试验,其成活率均在96%以上,其中试验2组效果最好,成活率达98.42%,此预防程序可在实际生产中应用。     

Carbon dioxide emission in relation with irrigation and organic amendments from a sweet corn field

Soil moisture and organic matter level affects soil respiration and microbial activities, which in turn impact greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation levels (75% [deficit], 100% [full], and 125% [excess] of reference crop evapotranspiration requirements), and organic amendments (OA) type (chicken manure [CM] and bone meal [BM]) and OA application rates (0,168, 336 and 672 kg total N ha^?1) on (i) soil physical properties (bulk density, organic matter content and soil moisture content) and (ii) soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from a highly weathered tropical Hawai'ian soil. Carbon dioxide readings were consistently taken once or twice a week for the duration of the cropping season. A drip irrigation system was used to apply the appropriate amount of irrigation water to the treatment plots. Treatments were randomly selected and corresponding organic amendments were manually incorporated into the soil. Plots were cultivated with sweet corn (Zea mays ‘SS-16’). Soil moisture content within and below the rootzone was monitored using a TDR 300 soil moisture sensor (Spectrum Technologies, Inc., Plainfield, IL, USA) connected with 12 cm long prongs. Soil bulk density and organic matter content were determined at the end of the cropping season. Analysis of variance results revealed that OA type, rate, and their interaction had significant effect on soil CO₂ flux (P < 0.05). Among the OA rates, all CM mostly resulted in significantly higher soil CO₂ fluxes compared to BM and control treatment (p < 0.05). The two highest rates of BM treatment were not significantly different from the control with regard to soil CO₂ flux. In addition, organic amendments affected soil moisture dynamics during the crop growing season and organic matter content measured after the crop harvest. While additional studies are needed to further investigate the effect of irrigation levels on soil CO₂ flux, it is recommended that in order to minimize soil CO₂ emissions, BM soil amendments could be a potential option to reduce soil CO₂ fluxes from agricultural fields similar to the one used in this study.     

抗生素杆菌肽锌对鸡粪厌氧水解酸化的影响

以上海某养鸡场产生的粪便为研究对象,探讨抗生素杆菌肽锌(ZnBc)对鸡粪厌氧水解酸化的影响。结果表明:(1)相比于发酵前的pH,发酵后的pH变化幅度不大,在6.65～7.40变化。(2)氨氮和ZnBc浓度对数(lgc)呈负线性相关,经拟合方程测算出ZnBc对氨氮的半抑制常数(IC50)为15.23mg/L。当ZnBc>5 105mg/L时,氨氮的产生完全受抑制。添加ZnBc对发酵液氨氮的影响极显著。(3)溶解磷(SP)和lgc满足Boltzman方程。添加ZnBc对发酵液SP的影响极显著。(4)ZnBc不仅影响挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度,还影响VFAs组分。(5)添加ZnBc对发酵液总有机碳(TOC)有极显著影响。(6)相比原鸡粪,发酵后固体有机N、C、H均下降,并分别在ZnBc为0.10、0.01、0.01mg/L时达到最低值,说明鸡粪在厌氧水解酸化过程中固体有机组分向液体转移。     

室外条件下蚯蚓协同微生物直接处理鲜鸡粪

选用赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)协同EM菌和硝化细菌直接进行室外条件下的鲜鸡粪处理实验,以菌剂接种量、缓冲层厚度、投放密度等为主要筛选参数,并对经蚯蚓消化处理前后的鸡粪冲淋水中氮磷的变化进行了取样检测.实验结果表明,室外条件下蚯蚓借助于微生物的协同作用可直接处理鲜鸡粪.当鲜鸡粪负荷为15 g/d时,在接种EM菌剂和硝化菌剂各10 mL,铺设4 cm厚度凹土缓冲层,蚯蚓投放密度为12条的条件下,鲜鸡粪被降解的效果最好.经过蚯蚓消化降解后的鸡粪水中TN浓度降低了20.34％,TN中无机氮含量增多,NH4+-N和N03--N所占TN比例分别增加了18.79％和37.96％;TP浓度降低了14.40％.     

Distribution of seven heavy metals among hot pepper plant parts

The main objective of this investigation was to monitor concentrations of seven metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Mo, Cu, Zn, and Cr) in the fruits, leaves, stem, and roots of Capsicum annuum L. (cv. Xcatic) plants grown under four soil management practices: yard waste (YW), sewage sludge (SS), chicken manure (CM), and no-much (NM) bare soil. Elemental analyses were conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Pb and Cd concentrations in soil amended with YW, SS, and CM were not significantly different (P < 0.05) compared to NM soil, whereas Mo and Cu concentrations were significantly greater in YW compared to SS, CM, and NM treatments. Concentrations of Cd in the fruits of plants grown in NM soil were greater compared to the fruits of plants grown in other treatments. Total Ni concentration (sum of Ni in all plant parts) in plants grown in NM bare soil was greater than in plants grown in SS-, YW-, and CM-amended soils. Values of the bioaccumulation factor indicated that pepper fruits of plants grown in YW, SS, and CM did not show any tendency to accumulate Pb, Cr, and Ni in their edible fruits.     

不同堆肥方式对鸡粪与秸秆混合堆肥效果

以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原材料,进行了露天堆肥和反应器堆肥对比实验。结果表明,反应器堆肥（堆体P2）较露天堆肥（堆体P1）升温快,堆体P2达到了《粪便无害化卫生标准（GB7959—87）》的要求,堆体P1未达到;在整个堆肥过程中,堆体P1的水分总损失量（26．5％）大于堆体P2的水分总损失量（20．6％）;堆体P1和P2的有机质降解主要发生在堆肥前期0～21d,分别完成了81．4％和84．5％的有机质降解量;堆体P1和P2的C／N比在堆肥过程中均呈下降趋势,最终C／N比分别为18．3和14．8;种子发芽指数GI_P1〈GI_P2,表明采用堆体P2的堆肥产品的植物毒性较堆体P1更小。各指标实测数据表明,反应器堆肥的堆肥产品的稳定性和腐熟程度较露天堆肥更好。     

鱼类样品中有机磷阻燃剂分析方法的优化研究

建立了鱼类组织样品中有机磷阻燃剂（OPFRs）的分析方法,优化了萃取条件、净化条件、液相色谱条件和质谱检测参数。确定了生物样品经冷冻干燥后,以1∶1（V/V）的正己烷/二氯甲烷混合溶液进行加速溶剂萃取,利用氨基固相萃取柱进行净化,以1∶1（V/V）的正己烷/二氯甲烷、二氯甲烷和9∶1（V/V）的二氯甲烷/甲醇为洗脱液,最后用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时对9种OPFRs进行定性定量检测。结果表明,各物质的基质加标回收率均为56.5%~108%,方法的测定下限为0.016~0.104 ng/g （以脂重计）,满足了生物样品中OPFRs的分析检测要求。利用该方法测定了北京和广州市养殖和野生鲫鱼肌肉组织样品,主要的OPFRs同族体为磷酸三正丁酯（TNBP）、磷酸三乙基己基酯（TEHP）、磷酸三（1-氯-2-丙基）酯（TCIPP）和磷酸三氯乙基酯（TCEP）,质量比为5.94~33.7 ng/g（以脂重计）,显示出良好的适用性。     

镉致鸡脾淋巴细胞凋亡及对p53mRNA表达的影响

应用吖啶橙/溴化乙锭荧光染色(AO/EB)法、DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳及半定量RT-PCR法检测了氯化镉在浓度0～30mol/L范围内对体外培养的鸡脾脏淋巴细胞凋亡及对p53mRNA表达的影响.结果表明,浓度为0～30mol/L的镉能引起鸡脾脏淋巴细胞凋亡及干扰p53mRNA的表达,低浓度镉引起的细胞凋亡与p53mRNA的表达密切相关,而高浓度的镉能够导致鸡脾脏淋巴细胞坏死.     

鸡粪中高温厌氧甲烷发酵产气潜能与动力学特性

采用富含氮素的鸡粪为原料,包括原料鸡粪、鸡粪固相部分和鸡粪液相部分,选取以鸡粪为原料连续稳定运行超过90d的中高温厌氧反应器新鲜出料为接种污泥,在中温（35℃）和高温（55℃）条件下开展动力学和产甲烷潜能试验.采用Gompertz模型、一级动力学模型和两阶段模型对鸡粪中高温累积产甲烷量进行拟合.结果表明,鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵均呈现明显的快速产气期和慢速产气期两阶段特征,快速产气期的动力学常数K₁分别为0.4174和0.2104d^-1,快速产气分别在4.5和6.5d结束,快速产气量占到总产气量的69%和58%.原料鸡粪和液相部分的中温发酵动力学常数（K₁）分别为0.4177和0.2330d^-1,均高于高温的0.1721,0.2214d^-1,发酵产气速率较快.鸡粪固相部分中温发酵的动力学常数为0.1960d^-1,低于液相中温发酵的0.2330d^-1和固相高温的0.2310d^-1,中温条件下,水解过程是限制鸡粪甲烷发酵速率的主要因素之一.鸡粪固体和鸡粪液体高温发酵的动力学常数K分别为0.2310,0.22214d^-1,鸡粪固体发酵产甲烷的速率快于液相部分,水解过程不是限制鸡粪高温发酵产甲烷速率的最主要因素.产甲烷潜能试验表明鸡粪在中温和高温下产甲烷潜能分别为212,177mL/gTS.因此,仅从发酵效率的角度考虑,鸡粪中温发酵比高温发酵的产甲烷潜能更高,产甲烷速率更快.