Total mercury content found in edible tissues of top predator fish from the Gulf of California,Mexico

Fish at the top of the food chain bioaccumulate and biomagnify toxic metals including mercury (Hg), at a higher rate than nonpredatory fish. However, although some top predator fish species are important in the human diet, the risks for consumers in Mexico are difficult to evaluate due to the scarce baseline information available. In the present article, data on the total mercury (THg) concentrations found in edible tissues of different species of sharks, rays, large pelagic fishes and groupers from the Gulf of California are presented and compared with national and international health guidelines. During 2003 and 2004, 73 shark dorsal tissue samples, 52 ray samples, 66 large pelagic fish samples and 16 grouper samples were collected at different sites along the Gulf of California. Samples were digested in a microwave system and analyzed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Thirty samples (14%) showed concentrations of Hg above the national statutory limit of 1?mg?kg^?1, from which 25 samples were sharks and 3 were large pelagic fishes. A positive correlation was found between the natural log of THg [ln(THg)] and total length (TL cm) in species of sharks, rays and groupers. The Teacapán estuary in Sinaloa was detected as a possible source of Hg into the Gulf of California due to historic mining in the watershed. Mean Hg concentrations exceeded the regulatory limit of 1?mg?kg^?1 in the following highly commercial shark species: smooth hammerhead, pelagic thrasher, pacific sharpnose shark, dusky shark, scalloped hammerhead, and whitenose shark, in that order. It is recommended that preventive food advisories be issued with respect to these species until further investigations are conducted.     

UASB-生物接触氧化工艺处理鸡爪加工废水实例

鸡爪加工废水含油脂、悬浮物较高,是一种较难处理的有机废水。采用隔油-厌氧(UASB)-生物接触氧化-絮凝联合处理工艺处理鸡爪加工废水,结果表明:工艺是可行的,处理后出水可达标排放。     

Accumulation levels and characteristics of some pesticides in human adipose tissue samples from Southeast China

This paper presents a comprehensive study of pesticide levels and bio-accumulation characteristics in human adipose tissues among residents of Southeast China. A large number of adipose samples (n = 633) were selected for 58 pesticides and were analyzed by high sensitive Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The results showed that POPs pesticides were frequently detected, including 2,4′-DDD, 2,4′-DDE, 2,4′-DDT, 4,4′-DDD, 4,4′-DDE, 4,4′-DDT, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and mirex. Other detected pesticide species were dicofol, methamidophos and chlordimeform, which have rarely been reported. Comparing to different countries, the concentrations of total DDT and HCH in these three Chinese southeastern sites were in the middle range, whereas the HCB and mirex were in the lower end. A significant correlation was observed between region as well as age and POPs pesticide levels. Some pesticide residue levels were also found significantly correlated to occupation. However, there was no significant correlation between gender and pesticides. Meanwhile, it is interesting to find that mortality of malignant tumors tends to associate with the pesticides levels in human adipose tissue. More importantly, the measured data presented in this study provide realistic information which is useful for assessing human exposure to pesticides in the general population of Southeast China.     

Detection and occurrence of pentachlorophenol residues in chicken liver and fat

Abstract

A method for the detection of pentachlorophenol (PCP) residues in chicken liver and fat is presented. A detection limit of 0.002 mg/kg was achieved. Recoveries from liver and fat were in the range 82–88% and 95–97%, respectively.

Low level residues of PCP were found in all 1072 liver and 723 fat samples. These levels were <0.010 mg/kg in 92.7% of the fat and 75.6% of the livers. Only 0.75% of the liver samples had PCP levels>0.1 mg/kg. None of the more toxic impurities of PCP were detected in the chicken tissues.     

The effect of pesticides and metals on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in various tissues of blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus L.) in short-term in vivo exposures at different temperatures

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of short-term exposure to selected toxicants as well as metal accumulation upon acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the blue mussel, Mytilus trossulus L., in laboratory in vivo experiments. Mussels were exposed for up to 48 hours to a mixture of copper (Cu^{2 +}, 400 μ g L^?1) and cadmium (Cd^{2 +}, 200 μ g L^?1), to dichlorvos (DDVP, 100 μ g L^?1), and to carbaryl (100 μ g L^?1) at two temperatures: 5°C and 20°C. Samples were collected after 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours of exposure, and AChE activity and metal concentration (where applicable) were analysed in gills, digestive gland, mantle+muscles, and the whole soft tissue. Very strong AChE inhibition was observed in response to the dichlorvos treatment, mainly in gills. Carbaryl and the metals caused a short-term inhibition effect. Considerable differences in AChE activity between the two temperatures were noticed. In particular, the metals were accumulated much faster at 20°C than at 5°C, especially in gills. No correlation between AChE activity and metal concentration was found. Gills turned out to be the optimal tissue for AChE activity analysis in short-term studies.     

两相厌氧消化工艺处理鸡粪

以鸡粪为发酵原料,采用序批式两相厌氧消化工艺在中温条件(37℃)下对其进行消化处理。分别将水解酸化相和产甲烷相pH值控制在5.5±0.3和7.0±0.3,通过改变进样含固率(TS)研究有机负荷(OLR)对两相消化系统处理鸡粪过程中污染物转化和去除效果的影响。结果表明,水解酸化相出水总有机碳(TOC)、挥发酸(VFAs)和氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度都随OLR升高而升高。VFAs组成相对稳定,其中乙酸占总VFAs浓度的57%～64%,其次为正丁酸和丙酸。产甲烷相出水TOC和VFAs稳定在较低水平,TOC去除率最大达到90%以上。产甲烷相进水氨氮主要以NH4+形式在反应器内不断积累。实验后期产甲烷相生物气中甲烷体积分数维持在64%上,证明两相消化系统在实验条件下良好运行。     

洞庭湖不同营养级鱼组织中PCBs的分布特征

采用稳定同位素分析技术和气相色谱-高分辨质谱联用技术,测定了洞庭湖6种鱼组织的稳定氮同位素丰度值（δ¹⁵N值）和多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量,研究了鱼组织中PCBs分布特征及其与营养级的相关性.结果表明,∑PCBs₁₁₅的浓度范围为0.04~9.77ng/g湿重,在鲤鱼性腺组织中最高.毒性当量为：0.0003~2.39pg/g湿重,在鳡鱼脂肪组织中最高.洞庭湖鱼中PCBs的含量处于较低水平.PCB28,52,95,99,101,105,110,118,138,153,155和209在所有组织中检出.Co-PCBs,Ind-PCBs和PCB209具有组织分布特异性.不同计量方式下,鱼组织中PCBs与δ¹⁵N值具有相关性的同类物不同.     

Biotransfer of heavy metals along a soil-plant-insect-chicken food chain：Field study

The study investigated the accumulation and transfer of Pb,Zn,Cu,and Cd along a soil-plant-insect-chicken food chain at contaminated sites.The study site nearing the Pb/Zn mine had been contaminated by heavy metals severely.Cadmium and Pb concentrations steadily declined with increasing trophic level (p<0.01),but concentrations of Zn and Cu slightly increased from plant to insect larva (p>0.05).The concentrations of heavy metals were the highest in chicken muscle,with lower values in liver and blood.Bioaccumulation of Pb was observed in the chicken livers.The eliminations of Pb,Zn,Cu,and Cd via insect and chicken feces avoid metal bioaccumulation in insect and chicken body.These results suggest that the accumulation of heavy metals in specific animal organ of tissues could not be neglected,although transfer of metals to chicken from plant and insect is limited.     

不同钝化剂对微碱性土壤镉、镍形态及小麦吸收的影响

通过大田试验,研究生物炭、褐煤、鸡粪对土壤Cd、Ni形态变化及小麦植株对Cd、Ni富集吸收的影响.结果表明,生物炭可提高土壤pH,褐煤降低土壤pH,均未达显著水平,鸡粪可显著降低孕穗期、成熟期土壤pH,分别降低0. 23和0. 20个单位.生物炭、鸡粪和褐煤单一施用对可交换态Ni含量降低不显著,而对可交换态Cd降低效果显著,小麦不同生长期均以褐煤2%处理降幅最大,分别为30. 50%、43. 34%和31. 20%.小麦地上部、地下部重金属Cd、Ni的含量均有所下降,且降幅随钝化剂添加量的增加而增加,不同生长期均以褐煤2%处理小麦根部Cd含量降幅最大,分别达38. 35%、58. 00%和50. 20%.孕穗期、成熟期均以褐煤2%处理小麦根部Ni含量降幅最大,分别达41. 33%和51. 35%. 3种钝化剂均可降低微碱性土壤中Cd和Ni的有效性,且对镉的钝化效果优于镍;均可有效降低不同时期小麦植株不同器官中Cd和Ni的含量.对于重金属镉,3种钝化剂同等剂量水平下,小麦器官中镉的降低效果依次为褐煤生物炭鸡粪.     

高水分蔬菜废物和花卉、鸡舍废物联合堆肥的中试研究

以滇池流域的典型农业废物蔬菜、花卉废物和鸡舍废物为原料,进行了不同配比的联合堆肥中试研究.一次发酵采用温度反馈通气量控制的静态好氧堆肥系统,二次发酵采用周期性翻堆自然腐熟.在一次发酵阶段,堆体温度在55℃以上保持至少3d,最高温度达73.3℃,可有效杀灭致病菌;堆体含水率从75%降低到56%,多余水分得到快速去除;有机质从65%降低到50%,pH值稳定在8.二次发酵后堆肥产物的腐熟度和养分分析结果表明,产物稳定性好,养分含量高.通过堆肥工艺的优化控制,蔬菜废物、花卉废物和鸡舍废物联合堆肥可以获得高质量的堆肥产品,废物还田能有效减少固体废物非点源污染、提高土壤肥力.