Organochlorine levels in human blood from residents in areas of limited pesticide use in Sudan

Ninety-nine human blood samples were collected from the riverine region of northern Sudan and the traditional and mechanized rain-fed areas of western and eastern Sudan, representing areas of limited pesticide use in Sudan. Blood samples were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) followed by electron-capture detection (ECD). p,p′-DDE (a metabolite of DDT), heptachlor epoxide, β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and dieldrin were detected in all locations surveyed. The level of total organochlorine burden was highest in the traditional rain-fed area, followed by the mechanized rain-fed area, and the riverine area. A highly significant correlation was observed between total organochlorine blood burden and the age of the donors (r = 0.608**).     

Disruption of iron homeostasis and resultant health effects upon exposure to various environmental pollutants: A critical review

Environmental pollution has become one of the greatest problems in the world, and the concerns about environmental pollutants released by human activities from agriculture and industrial production have been continuously increasing. Although intense efforts have been made to understand the health effects of environmental pollutants, most studies have only focused on direct toxic effects and failed to simultaneously evaluate the long-term adaptive, compensatory and secondary impacts on health. Burgeoning evidence suggests that environmental pollutants may directly or indirectly give rise to disordered element homeostasis, such as for iron. It is crucially important to maintain concerted cellular and systemic iron metabolism. Otherwise, disordered iron metabolism would lead to cytotoxicity and increased risk for various diseases, including cancers. Thus, study on the effects of environmental pollutants upon iron homeostasis is urgently needed. In this review, we recapitulate the available findings on the direct or indirect impacts of environmental pollutants, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals and pesticides, on iron homeostasis and associated adverse health problems. In view of the unanswered questions, more efforts are warranted to investigate the disruptive effects of environmental pollutants on iron homeostasis and consequent toxicities.     

超声波萃取-毛细管气相色谱法测定土壤和底质中的25种有机氯农药研究

建立了超声波萃取、Florisil柱净化,SPB-5毛细管柱分离,ECD检测器测定土壤和底质中25种有机氯农药的方法.该方法的检出限为0.079 μg/kg ～1.2 μg/kg,加标回收率为73.1％ ～ 126.5％,相对标准偏差为3.3％ ～9.7％.实验结果证明,该方法灵敏度高、精密度高,操作快速简便,满足土壤和底质中有机氯农药的测定要求.     

千岛湖库区及其主要入库河流水中有机氯农药残留污染特征及健康风险评价

利用气相色谱法对采集于2011年7月和2011年11月的千岛湖(新安江水库)库区及其主要入库河流表层水中10种有机氯农药(OCPs)残留进行了分析,初步明确千岛湖水体中HCHs与DDTs的组成特征及来源,并对其健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,千岛湖水体中检出8种微量的OCPs,检出频率最高的是p,p’-DDT、α-HCH和p,p’-DDE.12个采样点均有不同浓度检出,库区ΣOCPs的浓度范围在1.9~7.6 ng·L-1,属低污染水平,3条主要入库河流ΣOCPs的浓度范围则是1.2~212ng·L-1.千岛湖水体中OCPs污染空间分布各异,主干流新安江为千岛湖OCPs污染的主要输入源;时间上丰水期大于枯水期,显示为面源污染特征.通过特征组分比例可确认HCHs污染主要是长距离传输或工业HCHs的降解,而DDTs则有新源输入.利用EPA推荐方法对通过饮水和皮肤接触途径摄入千岛湖水体中OCPs的健康风险进行评价:致癌健康风险指数在0.06×10-7~23.2×10-7,均位于EPA推荐的可接受风险范围内;非致癌健康风险指数介于3.43×10-5~6.01×10-3,根据评价标准均未超标.结果表明千岛湖水体中OCPs对人体产生的致癌、非致癌健康危害可忽略.     

苏南地区香樟树皮中有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染水平及来源解析

利用树皮作为被动采样介质,2012年8月于苏南地区采集了33个香樟树皮进行有机氯农药(OCPs)的分析.结果表明,苏南地区香樟树皮中六氯苯(HCB)、滴滴涕(DDTs)和氯丹(Chlordanes)的含量范围(以干重计)分别为0.31~1.81、0.40~17.3和n.d.~1.03 ng·g-1.由于六氯苯挥发性较强,其含量的空间差异性不明显.同其它研究结果相比,苏南地区树皮中六氯苯含量相对较低.苏南地区DDT主要来源于工业DDT的历史残留和三氯杀螨醇的使用.根据反式氯丹(TC)/顺式氯丹(CC)的比值判定,苏南地区城区中氯丹可能来源于近期的直接使用,而乡村地区则来源于历史残留.     

珠江河口水域有机磷农药水生生态系统风险评价

通过风险商法和概率风险法评价了珠江河口水域中甲拌磷、敌敌畏及乙拌磷等9种有机磷农药对硅藻、水蚤及糠虾等8种水生生物的生态风险.风险商法评价结果表明,9种有机磷农药混合物总风险商为:糠虾处于高风险中水平,水蚤和摇蚊在中等风险水平,硅藻、牡蛎、鲤鱼、鲶鱼和鳗鱼均处于低风险水平;甲拌磷对风险值的贡献最大,且对每种生物都有影响.概率风险法结果表明,以HC5为参考值评估总风险商时,95%置信水平下的HC5比50%置信水平的HC5保守,50%置信水平的HC5中乐果的HC5最大,毒死蜱的最小;丰水期9种有机磷农药混合物总风险比枯水期农药混合物总风险大,甲拌磷对总风险贡献最大.单一污染物的概率风险表明,甲拌磷和乙拌磷对珠江河口水域中10%以上的生物都有危害;而9种有机磷农药混合物的概率风险表现为:丰水期大于枯水期,均大于5%,说明超过了保护95%生物的安全阈值.     

北京官厅水库中农药类内分泌干扰物分布和来源

研究了北京官厅水库中农药类内分泌干扰物污染水平、分布特点和来源.结果表明,官厅水库及其支流水体受到农药类内分泌干扰物轻度污染.从农药在官厅水库中的分布推断,官厅水库以及各支流周边地区及农田排水渠是水库中农药的重要来源.底泥中农药通过底泥孔隙向表面水扩散,是表面水农药的1个污染源.由于水库周边较多的农业活动,可能导致水中农药浓度提高.为了减少污染和水生生物对内分泌干扰物的暴露,需要进行定期监测,减少农药的使用和农事操作.     

OCCURRENCE OF PESTICIDES IN GROUND WATER OF THE OZARK PLATEAUS PROVINCE1

ABSTRACT: Pesticides were detected in ground-water samples collected from 20 springs and nine wells in the Ozark Plateaus Province of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. From April through September 1993, water samples were collected from 50 shallow domestic wells and 50 springs in the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers and analyzed for 47 pesticides and metabolites. Pesticides were detected in 17 water samples from the Springfield Plateau aquifer and 12 water samples from the Ozark aquifer. Fourteen pesticides were detected, with a maximum of four pesticides detected in any one sample. The most commonly detected pesticides were atrazine (14 detections), prometon (11 detections), and tebuthiuron (seven detections). P, P' DDE, a metabolite of DDT, was detected in water samples from three wells and one spring. The remaining pesticides were detected in three or less samples. The occurrence and distribution of pesticides probably are related to the local land use near a sampling site. Pesticide detections were significantly related to aquifer, site type, and discharge of springs.     

THE NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT Environmental resources can be managed properly only by adopting a comprehensive approach. The whole environment must be considered as a single system, and prior to any action, all types of environmental impacts caused by it should be studied in detail. This paper underlines the close relationship between different environmental problems, analyzes existing management patterns, and proposes new alternatives whenever applicable. The different constraints, which have to be considered in the decision-making process while developing a plan, are also discussed. It is concluded that efforts neglecting the interaction among different aspects of the environment do not upgrade the quality of water, air, and land to any appreciable degree.     

ECONOMICS OF SCREENING FOR PESTICIDES IN GROUND WATER1

ABSTRACT: In the United States, millions of dollars are currently spent to monitor water quality for a whole suite of organic compounds. However, results of several surveys conducted in the past decade indicate that only a few pesticides occur in a small proportion of wells. Screening methods based on historical evidence of contamination patterns and knowledge of the locales will have significant potential to reduce these costs and effectively identify contamination problems. In this paper, the economics of utilizing two screening methods, sequential analysis and sample compositing, in the design of monitoring strategies is captured In the form of mathematical models and illustrated for a state-level monitoring program. When the two methods are adopted, the total analytical cost to conclusively identify contaminated wells in a network of 4,000 wells is shown to range from $12,500 to $1,575,000 depending on the extent of contamination. In contrast, the total analytical cost of a conventional program where all the wells in the network are sampled and tested for a standard suite of pesticides at a cost of $250/sample is one million dollars. Given such wide range in costs, it is prudent to incorporate the screening concepts presented in this paper in the development of cost-effective monitoring programs.