浑河源区水生生物与水质评价

对浑河源区的浮游植物、原生动物、轮虫、底栖动物、鱼类和水生维管束植物调查发现 :源区水生物种类绝大多数为贫营养型清水指示种类。数量明显少于下游。源区水质优良 ,水质基本处于自然状态     

A methodological framework for improving air quality monitoring network layout. Applications to environment management

This work aims to provide a methodology framework which allows to improve the performance and efficiency of an air quality monitoring network (AQMN). It requires to be constituted by a minimum and reliable number of measurement sites. Nevertheless, the AQMN efficiency should be assessed over time, as a consequence of the possible emergence of new emission sources of air pollutants, which could lead to variations on their spatial distribution within the target area. PM₁₀ particles data monitored by the Community of Madrid's (Spain) AQMN between 2008 and 2017 were used to develop a methodology to optimize the AQMN performance. The annual spatial distribution of average PM₁₀ levels over the studied period monitored by all current stations vs those more representative was provided by a geographic information system (GIS), and the percentage of similarity between both postulates was quantified using simple linear regression (> 95%). As one innovative tool of this study, the practical application of the proposed methodology was validated using PM₁₀ particles data measured by AQMN during 2007 and 2018, reaching a similitude degree higher than 95%. The influence of temporal variation on the proposed methodological framework was around 20%.The proposed methodology sets criteria for identifying non-redundant stations within AQMN, it is also able to appropriately assess the representativeness of fixed monitoring sites within an AQMN and it complements the guidelines set by European legislation on air pollutants monitoring at fixed stations, which could help to tackle efforts to improve the air quality management.     

Performance of a water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 m2 was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks’ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 21.78% of total nitrogen (TN) and 23.02% of total phosphorus (TP). Both dissolved oxygen (DO) and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the di erences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth.We concluded that a water hyacinth system was e ective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.     

人工强制混合充氧及诱导自然混合对水源水库水质改善效果分析

为探究人工强制混合充氧与诱导持续混合对水质改善的影响及人工强制混合与自然混合的衔接条件,以李家河水库为例,于2017年6月至2019年4月开展水质及水文气象指标监测,分析自然过程及人工诱导混合过程各时期水温、溶解氧及水质变化特征.结果表明:①自然过程分层期持续时间长,混合期仅为2.5个月,人工诱导混合过程通过扬水曝气系统的运行, 9月底水体达到完全混合且进入降温期,诱导自然混合条件具备,表层水温、平均气温分别为20.17℃和16.5℃,此时系统关闭后水体持续自然混合,混合周期延长至5.5个月;②自然过程污染物浓度较高,混合期表层污染物浓度呈现先增加后降低的趋势,氧跃层伴随热分层出现,底部厌氧周期达6个月;③相较于自然过程,人工诱导混合过程水体等温层厌氧消除且污染物控制效果良好, 10月至翌年3月同期底层NH⁺₄-N、 TP、 Fe和Mn浓度的削减率为76.2%、 75.5%、 82.2%和82.1%,均达到地表水环境质量标准,人工诱导混合过程有利于水质改善及混合作用时效的延长.     

城市湖泊水环境整治对改善水质的影响:以蠡湖近30年水质变化为例

自"十五"以来,为改善水质,我国许多城市湖泊均先后采取了水环境治理措施.为了解这些措施对富营养化城市湖泊水质改善成效,根据中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统研究站对蠡湖的长期监测数据和本课题组2017年对蠡湖的两次调查结果进行汇总分析,探讨了无锡蠡湖综合整治前后近30年来水环境质量变化情况.结果表明:①TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和Chl-a等水质指标的浓度从20世纪90年代初开始呈现快速上升的趋势,1997～2003年间处于最差状态,2003年经过综合整治后呈现逐年递减趋势,但近两年略有反弹;水体透明度整治前后无明显改善.②从季节上看,综合整治之前,水质波动较大;综合整治之后,蠡湖各项指标出现显著差异,冬季水质明显好于夏季.③从区域上来看,蠡湖西部水质明显优于东部湖区.综合其他城市湖泊治理情况,研究表明水环境治理可以改善湖泊水质,但在水质改善后需要恢复草型生态系统,推进以生物调控为主的生态修复,逐步提升物种多样性,真正恢复湖泊生态系统服务功能.     

黄浦江水系水质变化及原因分析

根据1986—2010年的水质监测数据,研究了黄浦江水系水质变化,并对影响水质的主要因素进行了探讨。结果表明,近25年的黄浦江水系水质变化基本可分为3个阶段:1986—1996年,上海市的畜牧业高速发展,生活污水量逐年上升,工业废水量较大而处理率低,水环境压力加大,水质持续恶化;1996—2002年,上游来水水质、生活污水量和畜牧业污染量均基本稳定,为水质改善创造必要条件,随着工业废水量的下降及废水处理能力的加强,水质持续改善;2002—2010年,上游来水水质在2002—2004年明显恶化,生活污水量再次进入快速上升期,加大了水环境改善的难度,水质改善趋势放缓并渐趋稳定。     

"两级质控、第三方运营"水质自动站管理模式初探

以江苏省太湖流域水质自动站管理模式为例,从运维管理、质控管理等角度介绍了“两级质控、第三方运营”水站管理模式的基本结构、概念和优势.     

无污染农产品对土壤铅环境质量标准要求的变化——个案研究

研究了江苏南通某乡镇土壤铅的污染以及水稻对土壤铅的吸收。结果表明,研究区土壤与稻米铅污染严重。通过盆栽实验建立了水稻对铅的吸收积累及评估模型,提出了符合该地区大米安全生产的土壤铅临界含量值,为土壤铅环境质量标准的研究提供了参考实例。同时结合国内外环境质量标准的对比,提出无污染农产品对土壤铅环境质量标准要求的变化,建议制/修订土壤铅环境质量标准值。土壤环境二级标准值由现行的250～350mg/kg改为80mg/kg。     

论开展主要环境质量指标浓度考核

针对现行环境质量考核体系中存在问题,选取主要的环境质量考核指标,提出逐步推行浓度值考核设想,并对比分析该考核办法与现行比例考核办法的优劣。     

基于室内PM2.5控制和节能的通风策略探讨

细颗粒物（PM2.5）随空调新风进入室内,和室内产生的PM2.5粒子一起作用,导致人体暴露在室内细颗粒物环境中。为保证室内空气品质,最大限度节约空调系统运行能耗,建立了室内PM2.5浓度与CO2体积分数双组分模型,提出了适用于某会议室不同室内外PM2.5源、不同人数以及不同天气状况下的最佳通风策略,利用Simulink对炎热天气室内有无PM2.5散发源、温和天气室内有无PM2.5散发源4种工况下的不同通风方式进行仿真对比。模拟结果表明：炎热天气存在最小新风量,该值由室内人数决定,过滤送风对控制室内PM2.5浓度效果最好;温和天气存在最大新风量,且该值与过滤器效率成正比;在所研究的情况下,温和天气节能潜力比炎热天气大。