Effect of nitroethane and nitroethanol on the production of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) from bacteria in swine feces by gas chromatography

Indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) are odor pollutants in livestock waste, and skatole is a major component of boar taint. Skatole causes pulmonary edema and emphysema in ruminants and causes damage to lung Clara cells in animals and humans. A gas chromatographic method that originally used a nitrogen–phosphorus detector to increase sensitivity was modified resulting in an improved flame ionization detection response for indole and skatole of 236% and 207%, respectively. The improved method eliminates the large amount of indole decomposition in the injector. A 10 μ g mL^–1 spike of indole and skatole in water and swine fecal slurries resulted in recovery of 78.5% and 96% in water and 76.1% and 85.8% in fecal slurries, respectively. The effect of the addition of nitroethane and nitroethanol at 21.8 mM in swine fecal slurries was studied on the microbial production of indole and skatole. Nitroethane and nitroethanol decreased the production of skatole in swine fecal slurries at 24 h. The nitroethane effect on l-tryptophan-supplemented fecal slurries after 6 and 24 h incubation resulted in a decrease of 69.0% (P = 0.02) and 23.5% skatole production, respectively, and a decrease of 14.9% indole at 6 h, but an increase in indole production of 81.1% at 24 h.     

鲴对食微囊藻鲢鳙排泄物及藻活性的作用研究

开展室内模拟实验,研究鲢、鳙和鲴不同混养系统中排泄物的量及微囊藻活性的变化.实验设置鲢鳙组合,鲢鳙鲴组合以及对照组,其中鲢鳙生物量放养比例为3：1,鲢鳙鲴组合中生物量放养比例为3：1：1,实验周期14d.结果显示,鲢鳙组和鲢鳙鲴组均能降低微囊藻密度,两组无显著差异（P>0.05）,但是均极显著小于对照组（P<0.01）.混养鲴鱼可以降低排泄物的量及微囊藻的被消化率,鲢鳙鲴组排泄物的量在第4d开始下降,实验结束时是鲢鳙组的16.08%.鲢鳙鲴组微囊藻的被消化率,第5d后快速增长,至实验结束达到85.9%,极显著高于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.鲢鳙组和鲢鳙鲴组排泄物中的氨基酸和总氮含量相比未被摄食微囊藻减少率分别为33.17%、53.62%和34.97%、54.27%.鲢鳙鲴组和鲢鳙组排泄物光能活性（Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yeld、qP及NPQ表示）和生长活性差异（EPS、Chla表示）较大,鲢鳙组微囊藻叶绿素荧光参数（除NPQ外）值经过短暂的下降后开始增长,而鲢鳙鲴组Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yeld及qP在培养过程中下降显著,且至第5d后叶绿素荧光参数（除NPQ外）均极显著低于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.鲢鳙鲴组NPQ呈上升的趋势,且第7d后极显著高于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.在排泄物培养期间,鲢鳙鲴组排泄物中微囊藻的胞外多糖（EPS）含量、叶绿素a（Chl a）浓度不断下降,至实验结束极显著低于鲢鳙组（P<0.01）.结果表明,在鲢鳙控藻的基础上,混养鲴鱼可以减少鲢鳙摄食微囊藻后的排泄物,同时降低排泄物中微囊藻活性,减少了因鲢鳙排泄物引起的水环境污染和生态影响.     

冀东某县农村养殖粪污处理环境风险与对策研究

生猪养殖粪污是农村面源污染来源之一,冀东某县是河北省养猪大县,养殖产生的粪污主要采用能源生态处理方式进行处理与利用,在养殖粪污的现有利用方式中,存在土壤中重金属积累风险、粪便中病菌抗生素风险、生猪散养的环境风险.针对冀东某县生猪养殖粪污处理利用存在的环境风险,对规模化养殖场采用粪便堆肥发酵制有机肥工艺进行处理利用;散养型粪污,依托规模化养殖场进行处理利用;政府依据种养结合的原则,制定养殖规划,确定养殖规模,建立制度化管理,保护农村环境.     

畜禽粪便资源化利用技术和厌氧发酵法生物制氢

利用微生物在畜禽粪便处理的同时获得能源主要有2种方式,分别是厌氧产沼气和厌氧发酵法生物制氢。利用厌氧微生物处理畜禽粪便,在去除有机污染物的同时获得沼气是比较成熟的技术,而利用畜禽粪便厌氧发酵制氢的研究开展较晚,仍处于实验室研究阶段。但畜禽粪便资源化利用和发酵生物制氢技术发展迅速,而且可以有机结合。本文对两者的基本原理和最新研究进展进行了介绍,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

广州市畜禽粪便污染与防治对策

论述了广州市畜牧业发展中粪便所可能产生的一些环境问题,分析了畜禽粪便污染的现状,提出了促进畜牧业可持续发展的对策和 措施。      

塔式自然通风好氧堆肥反应器的开发与应用

针对现有堆肥反应器处理效率低、运行和维护成本较高及堆肥效率不稳定等问题,开发了塔式自然通风好氧堆肥反应器。从物料和热量平衡、通风量优化等方面对反应器进行研究。反应器主要包括反应器主体、通风管、物料承托筛板和温度监控系统等,具有运行及维护简单、能源耗费低等优点。在通风高度为3 m,初始物料投加量5.65 kg(干重比︰粪便/锯末=1∶2.5),含水率约60%时,对人粪便进行好氧堆肥实验。结果表明,堆体温度最高至62℃,并且在50℃以上高温保持5 d;TOC和COD均呈持续下降趋势,降解率分别为64.14%和56.45%;种子发芽指数为113.64%,完全达到腐熟标准。     

梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器的开发与应用

针对现有堆肥反应器移动困难、难以使物料充分混合及堆肥效率不稳定等问题,开发了梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器。从物料和热量平衡、通风量及搅拌方式优化等方面对反应器进行了研究。反应器主要包括梨形筒体、无轴螺旋导叶、通风系统、动力系统和控制系统等,具有易于移动、便于进/出料等优点。在通风量为2.0 L/min,初始物料投加量5.0kg（干重比∶粪便/锯末=1∶4）,含水率约60%时,利用反应器对人粪便进行序批式堆肥实验,结果表明,反应器搅拌5 min后混合均匀率可达90%以上,符合混合均匀度的要求;堆体温度从第2天开始升温至50℃以上并保持30 d;TOC和COD均呈持续下降趋势,降解率分别为72.61%和72.81%;种子发芽指数为92.18%,可完全达到腐熟标准。     

Public participation mechanisms and sustainable policy-making: a case study analysis of Mexico City's Plan Verde

Mexico City has gained an international reputation for its ground-breaking approach to sustainability as a result of policies implemented during the Marcelo Ebrard administration (2006–2012). In this paper, we examine the development and implementation of the Plan Verde de la Ciudad de México (Green Plan), the 15-year policy aimed to transform Mexico City into the most progressive and sustainable city in Latin America. Key to the plan's success, it was claimed, would be the active participation of stakeholders from all levels of society. Drawing on documentary material and interviews, we argue that whilst the plan did have a significant impact on the environmental sustainability of the megacity, it failed to include effective citizen participation mechanisms. As predicted by several members of the Green Plan Monitoring and Assessment Board, this lack of representation, alongside other failures, appears to have facilitated the premature demise of the plan under the new administration.     

好氧堆肥反应器对人粪便堆肥中温降解的中试研究

控制温度为（35±2）℃,以新鲜锯末为空白载体,在控制含水率为55%~60%和强制通风的好氧条件下,进行为期15 d的实验,进行了人粪便好氧堆肥的中试研究,重点分析了在堆肥过程中有机物的降解、氮素的迁移转化规律及生物量的变化。结果表明,粪便中有机物含量在前2天稍微上升,然后迅速下降,最终去除率为71.82%;随着NH₃-N释放量的增加,堆料中N_tot含量从第4天开始减少,最终损失 22.61%,其中N_org损失占74.35%,NH₃-N占23.52%;所损失的氮素有91.66%以氨氮的形式释放。粪便中的有机物和氮的含量能在8~10 d后达到稳定,且堆体无臭味;粪便中溶解性有机物为微生物的生长提供营养物质,因此生物量变化的过程与有机物降解的有着紧密的联系;病原菌在堆肥过程中得到有效去除,表明该反应器堆肥的无害化。     

Green fairs as venues for civic engagement

We present the first systematic research on green fairs in the USA. We provide a summary analysis of the frequency, trends, goals, structure, and operations of green fairs being held in the USA. We also present an initial assessment of their potential contributions to civic engagement through a study of the intentions and behaviour of fair organisers and fair goers. This assessment is premised on previous research in civic engagement and similar local events with environmental themes, such as farmers' markets. Green fairs are recent, yet now common, events in the USA. Although brief and informal experiences for attendees, green fairs are rich with opportunities to engage people in their community on sustainability and other environmental issues. They are important venues for civic engagement that are distinct from both farmers' markets and from more formal settings for engagement.