Enhancement of phosphorus sorption onto light expanded clay aggregates by means of aluminum and iron oxide coatings

Phosphorus (P) loading from non-point or point sources increases the eutrophication risk of natural waters. The functioning of constructed wetlands (CWs) used as natural water treatment systems can be improved by means of additional materials adsorbing soluble P. In this study, light expanded clay aggregates (LECA) and LECA coated with aluminum (Al) oxide (Al-LECA) or iron (Fe) oxide (Fe-LECA) were tested for their efficiency as P sorbents in the pH range 3–8. The oxide coatings duplicated the actual sorption capacity calculated from the sorption isotherms at the P concentration in the equilibrium solution of 20 μg L⁻¹, assumed to be the allowable P level in purified water. In the oxide-coated LECAs the sorption was fast and followed both the first- and second-order Lagergren kinetic models, suggesting that the formation of a binuclear surface complex was feasible. In LECA, sorption was markedly slower and followed the first-order kinetic model, indicating that retention occurred through a monodentate attachment. These findings were in harmony with the degree of P saturation (DPS) of the sorbent surfaces at the highest P addition level (200 μg L⁻¹), DPS being decisively higher for LECA than for the oxide-coated sorbents. Accordingly, at higher pH values the competition by hydroxyl ions diminished the sorption in LECA relatively more than that in the coated sorbents. In agreement with the acidity of Al³⁺ being 100 times lower than that of Fe³⁺, at elevated pH the sorption by Al-LECA proved to be less reversible than that by Fe-LECA. The results provide evidence that in CWs Al-coated sorbents are superior to Fe-coated ones that are also redox-sensitive and may lose their sorption properties in anoxic conditions.     

Quaternary stratigraphy, sediment characteristics and geochemistry of arsenic-contaminated alluvial aquifers in the Ganges–Brahmaputra floodplain in central Bangladesh

This study focuses on the Quaternary stratigraphy, sediment composition, mineralogy, and geochemistry of arsenic (As)-contaminated alluvial aquifers in the Ganges–Brahmaputra floodplain in the central Bangladesh. Arsenic concentrations in 85 tubewells in Manikganj area, 70 km northwest of Dhaka City, range from 0.25 µg/L to 191 µg/L with a mean concentration of 33 µg/L. Groundwater is mainly Ca–HCO₃ type with high concentrations of dissolved As, Fe, and Mn, but low level of SO₄. The uppermost aquifer occurs between 10 m and 80 m below the surface that has a mean arsenic concentration of 35 µg/L. Deeper aquifer (> 100 m depth) has a mean arsenic concentration of 18 µg/L. Sediments in the upper aquifer are mostly gray to dark-gray, whereas sediments in the deep aquifer are mostly yellowing-gray to brown. Quartz, feldspar, mica, hornblende, garnet, kyanite, tourmaline, magnetite, ilmenite are the major minerals in sediments from both aquifers. Biotite and potassium feldspar are dominant in shallow aquifer, although plagioclase feldspar and garnet are abundant in deep aquifer sediments. Sediment composition suggests a mixed provenance with sediment supplies from both orogenic belts and cratons. High arsenic concentrations in sediments are found within the upper 50 m in drilled core samples. Statistical analysis shows that As, Fe, Mn, Ca, and P are strongly correlated in sediments. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Bi also show strong correlations with arsenic in the Manikganj sediment cores. Authigenic goethite concretions, possibly formed by bacteria, are found in the shallow sediments, which contain arsenic of a concentration as high as 8.8 mg/kg. High arsenic concentrations in aquifers are associated with fine-grained sediments that were derived mostly from the recycled orogens and relatively rapidly deposited mainly by meandering channels during the Early to Middle Holocene rising sea-level conditions.     

高压直流电法2种双人工合成衬层模拟填埋场渗漏检测的比较

利用高压直流电法对双人工合成衬层间加粘土层和土工导水网2种模拟填埋场渗漏定位进行试验研究.结果表明:对上层膜检测时,第2种模拟填埋场的总回路电阻比第1种的约大15%;对下层膜检测时,第2种模拟填埋场的总回路电阻比第1种的约大20%.利用高压直流电法,2种模拟填埋场都可以较好地进行漏洞定位,在电极间距为1m时,漏洞定位误差不超过10cm.     

放射性核素在饱和浙江红粘土中的迁移

用分层土柱法研究放射性核素在浙江红粘土介质中的迁移规律.通过为期28d的饱和土柱动态吸附-解吸实验,测定了¹³⁷Cs、⁸⁵Sr、⁶⁰Co、¹⁴⁴Ce、¹⁵⁵Eu和²³⁷Np 6种放射性核素在浙江红粘土样品中的垂直剖面浓度分布及其迁移速度.为便于根据实际场址的入渗水通量确定这些核素的滞留因子,进行了氚弥散实验,测定了土壤有效孔隙率和土壤中水运移速度.根据土柱装填密度、有效孔隙率和土壤中水运移速度,计算出上述核素在红粘土中的吸附分配系数和滞留因子.结果表明:浙江红粘土对¹³⁷Cs、⁸⁵Sr、⁶⁰Co、¹⁴⁴Ce、¹⁵⁵Eu和²³⁷Np 6种核素均有较大的吸附分配系数和滞留因子;对¹³⁷Cs的吸附分配系数和滞留因子分别为2388ml·g^-1和7732,对⁸⁵Sr的吸附分配系数和滞留因子分别为1432ml·g^-1和4645.     

不同黏土矿物材料对Cd2+的吸附特征

探讨了在不同矿物投加量、不同振荡时间、不同Cd2 质量浓度、不同矿物颗粒细度和不同pH值条件下,钠基膨润土、膨胀蛭石和沸石3种黏土矿物对Cd2 的吸附效果,并比较了3种黏土矿物对Cd2 的吸附差异性.结果表明:具有可膨胀层间的黏土矿物对溶液中Cd2 的吸附量不仅仅由单一的阳离子交换量决定;Cd2 在矿物表面的吸附过程是个迅速的过程,在10 min内即可完成;黏土矿物颗粒细度不同,对Cd2 的吸附率不同,但并非颗粒越细吸附量越大;就实验所采用的3种黏土矿物而言,在较低矿物投加量条件下,其对Cd2 的吸附能力从大到小依次为钠基膨润土、沸石、膨胀蛭石;较高的pH值有助于黏土矿物对溶液中Cd2 的吸附,但考虑到实际操作的其他因素,不能把pH值调得过高.     

土壤添加不同粘土矿物对微囊藻毒素在生菜中生物富集的影响

土壤-作物系统中微囊藻毒素的生物富集会对人类健康造成潜在威胁.本研究通过生菜（Lactuca sativa L.var.ramosa Hort.）种植实验比较了土壤添加不同比例的3种粘土矿物（凹凸棒石、蒙脱石和沸石）对微囊藻毒素-LR（microcystin-LR,MC-LR）生物富集的影响,分析含10 μg·L^-1 MC-LR溶液灌溉土壤50 d后,不同处理的MC-LR在生菜中累积量及土壤中的有效态含量和总含量.结果表明,3种粘土矿物能够不同程度有效减少MC-LR在生菜根系和叶片中的富集.5%的凹凸棒石和蒙脱石处理的生菜叶片中MC-LR含量分别较空白处理降低53.0%和52.3%,使得摄入量降低到WHO组织要求的日允许摄入限量范围.添加粘土矿物显著降低了土壤中MC-LR有效态含量.相关分析发现,生菜根系和叶片中MC-LR的含量与土壤MC-LR有效态含量均呈显著正相关.实验结果为蓝藻污染地区削减微囊藻毒素的作物富集提供了科学依据.     

TiO2/膨润土纳米复合光催化剂降解偶氮染料的研究

采用酸性溶胶法合成TiO2 膨润土纳米复合光催化剂 ,并研究其光催化降解阳离子偶氮染料 .X射线衍射 (XRD)分析表明 ,TiO2 膨润土纳米复合物的d0 0 1衍射角为 9 0 6° .该复合催化剂具有较高的光催化降解有机污染物的活性 ,随着光照时间的延长 ,阳离子红GTL的特征峰 490 5nm强度逐渐减弱 ,最后它的特征峰可彻底消失 ,GTL的偶氮键是最活跃的化学键 ,它易于被氧化断键 .该复合催化剂的催化活性受溶液的pH影响较大 ,在中性和碱性条件下其光催化活性更强 .适量的过氧化氢可以加速光催化氧化反应 ,但过量的H2 O2 却抑制了羟基自由基的生成 ,从而使H2 O2 的利用效率下降 ,在本实验条件下其最佳用量是 6mmol L .     

几种粘土矿物和粘粒土壤吸附净化磷素的性能和机理

通过磷素等温吸附实验和磷素饱和吸附后磷素的形态变化,研究了高岭土、蒙脱土、凹凸棒土、蛭石和沸石5种粘土矿物,以及黄褐土和下蜀黄土2种粘粒土壤中磷素的吸附净化性能和机理,结果表明：除高岭土和沸石以外,其它类型的粘土矿物和粘粒土壤均有较好的磷素吸附净化能力,蛭石的磷素吸附净化能力最强,其次为黄褐土、凹凸棒土、蒙脱土和下蜀黄土．粘土矿物和粘粒土壤磷素的吸附能力与其化学组成关系密切,表现为全钙及水溶性钙、胶体氧化铁和胶体氧化铝含量愈多,其磷素的吸附量愈大,磷素的净化能力愈强．此外,粘土矿物和粘粒土壤磷素饱和吸附后的形态转化也受其化学组成的影响,表现为全钙及水溶性钙、胶体氧化铁和胶体氧化铝含量较高,其对应形成的磷酸钙盐、磷酸铁盐和磷酸铝盐含量较高,粘土矿物和粘粒土壤吸附磷素的机制主要为化学吸附,包括专性化学吸附和非专性化学吸附．     

阴离子粘土对水中瓜儿胶的吸附研究

利用实验室制备的镁铝阴离子粘土材料,研究了其吸附水中瓜儿胶的动力学和热力学.结果表明,在瓜儿胶初始质量浓度为20～60 mg/L及温度为298～323 K时,阴离子粘土对水中瓜儿胶的吸附动力学符合准二级速率方程.阴离子枯土对瓜儿胶的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,吸附是吸热反应,吸附量随温度升高而略有增加,但吸附表观活化能只有18.13kJ/mol,说明温度对吸附的影响不显著.实验还表明,阴离子粘土对水中瓜儿胶的吸附性能优于活性炭.     

西南某地粘土对U吸附的动态模拟实验研究

选择西南某地正电荷发育的弱酸性粘土TY4作为吸附介质,加5%Ca(OH)2作为添加剂制作模拟屏障,用模拟核废液对介质做动态淋滤实验,得出了铀浓度随流量、pH值的变化曲线。实验结果表明,随高度增加屏障的吸附性能增大,渗透系数减小。屏障在pH为11和9附近时吸附效果较强。