次生石英岩型非金属矿床蚀变建造的矿物学研究

本文总结了火山成因的次生石英岩型非金属矿床中蚀变矿物的共生组合类型及在空间上的分带,主要蚀变矿物的矿物学特征(包括标型特征)及其形成与转变;指出这些特征和转变在不同方面指示成矿原岩性质,矿床形成温度,成矿溶液物化条件的变化过程。     

利用烷基化废硫酸生产活性白土

论述了硫酸烷基化废酸的处理方法，并用来生产活性白土。试验结果表明，工艺可行，解决了硫酸烷基化废酸外排所造成的环境污染问题。     

粘土颗粒吸附直接染料的分形特征

粘土颗粒对直接耐晒黑和直接大红染料的吸附均可分为快速的边缘覆盖和慢速的晶层吸附2个过程,整个吸附过程符合准-二级反应动力学方程式,除了伊利土-直接耐晒黑染料的吸附体系之外,其它体系的吸附过程中以晶层吸附为主的阶段均具有类分形特征.体系的非线性吸附等温线符合Langmuir型吸附等温模式,并且除了蒙脱土吸附直接大红染料之外,也可以用分形Langmuir吸附等温模式获得较好的模拟效果.在不同原始浓度下直接大红染料在粘土颗粒表面发生的边缘覆盖和晶层吸附这2个过程的程度是不同的,从而导致了吸附等温线在原始染料为150mg·L-1时出现最大的吸附量,而且颗粒边缘覆盖的直接大红染料的比例较高.染料进入粘土颗粒的晶层后,扩大了晶层间距,改变了其表面微孔几何结构.颗粒表面棱角变得光滑,结构疏松,片层结构逐渐减少,上述效果在蒙脱土颗粒上或直接耐晒黑染料吸附时表现地更为显著.而且吸附染料后蒙脱土颗粒对N2的吸附量比伊利土下降的幅度小,其比表面积、孔体积和平均孔径的下降比例也比伊利土小,其中平均孔径的差异比较明显.吸附染料之后粘土颗粒表面分形维数Ds均升高了,晶层膨胀和开孔作用抵消了"表面粗糙度屏蔽"、"孔阻塞效应"机理降低Ds的影响.增加了表面粗糙度.     

土壤中单一及复合抗生素的降解及微生物响应

基于LC-MS/MS、MicroRESP^TM等技术,对比了磺胺二甲嘧啶（SM2）和强力霉素（DOX）在单一和共存条件下,在青紫泥和小粉土中的短期降解及土壤微生物代谢特征.结果表明,单一条件下,小粉土中SM2和DOX的3d和7d降解率总体高于青紫泥,SM2和DOX共存条件下可对土壤中二者的短期降解产生一定抑制,这种抑制作用在小粉土中更为明显.抗生素对土壤微生物代谢的影响与其赋存时间及土壤类型有关.在供试浓度10~20mg/kg下,SM2和DOX在单一和复合条件下总体是促进土壤微生物代谢,但影响随赋存时间增加而减弱.青紫泥中,SM2和DOX共存下的土壤微生物代谢多样性高于二者单一存在,且青紫泥中DOX浓度与土壤代谢活性和微生物群落代谢多样性呈显著正相关,而小粉土中无类似的现象,但SM2与DOX复合污染对土壤微生物代谢的影响总体源于DOX的作用.     

豫西南环境变迁与土壤发生的研究

本文以豫西南的三个土壤剖面为对象，研究了土壤的形态、理化和矿物学特性，探索环境与土壤发生的关系．结果表明：发育在中更新世母质上的红粘土与毗邻区域的地带性土壤相比，具有较低的粘粒硅铝率、较小的风化淋溶系数和较高的游离氧化铁，既属于古环境景观影响下的产物，但又表现出有一定的复钙作用和较高的ＰＨ值．这些特性说明此种古土壤出露地表后，虽保留其残遗特征，却又进行着与现代生物气候条件相谐调的过程．     

Impact of urbanisation on soil characteristics

Six forest locations were chosen from urban (U) and semi-urban (SU) zones of Sofia, Bulgaria. Soil profiles characterised for their generic physico-chemical properties: particle size distribution, pH, C-content (%) and N-content (%). From the ratio silt/clay and C/N, significant differences were observed for the Ah horizon in the urban and semi-urban locations. Clay formation appeared to be reduced in this horizon in the urban soils and the C-content is higher in semi-urban soils in comparison with the urban soils. On the base of the results obtained, a reduction of the buffering capability is noted for the topsoil of the urban sites compared to the semi-urban sites.     

Effects of clay minerals on Cr(VI) reduction by organic compounds

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of clayminerals (illite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite) on chromate (Cr(VI)) reduction by several low molecular weightorganic compounds. Batch experiments at pH ranging from 3.0 to6.0 and 25 °C showed that 2:1 layered clays illite andsmectite catalyzed Cr(VI) reduction by oxalate. The catalyticeffect increased as pH was decreased. The 1:1 clay kaolinite hadno catalytic effect under comparable conditions. Direct Cr(VI)reduction by reactive moieties associated with illite andmontmorillonite was observed, but at a much slower rate than thecatalytic pathway. Cr(VI) reduction by glyoxylic acid, glycolicacid, lactic acid, and mandelic acid was accelerated by illite,although aqueous phase reduction might occur in parallel. Theseresults suggest that Cr(VI) reduction rates in subsurfaceenvironments rich in organic compounds may be elevated throughcatalysis of surface-bound metals and/or soluble species from theclay minerals, and as a result, higher than those expected fromaqueous phase reaction alone. Such rate enhancement for Cr(VI)reduction needs to be accounted for when developing new remedialtechniques for chromium site remediation or assessing its naturalattenuation.     

多孔黏土异构材料对气态萘的吸附

以膨润土为基质,添加表面活性剂和助表面活性剂,制备了多孔黏土异构材料(PCHs),采用SEM和BET技术进行了表征,并将其用于气态萘的吸附。考察了吸附效果的影响因素,并探讨了吸附机理。表征结果显示,PCHs具有较大的比表面积,孔径分布均匀,兼具微孔和中孔结构。实验结果表明:当吸附温度为30℃、初始萘质量浓度为560 mg/m3、相对湿度为0时,PCHs对萘的平衡吸附量达370 mg/g,远高于膨润土和有机膨润土;吸附为放热过程,温度越高平衡吸附量越低;平衡吸附量随初始萘质量浓度的增加呈非线性增长;水蒸气的存在导致萘的平衡吸附量减小;萘在PCHs上的吸附机理主要为表面物理吸附和有机质的分配作用。     

粘土岩处置库陇东预选区社会经济条件调查研究

对陇东地区进行社会经济条件调查,得出陇东地区内有庆阳市和平凉市两大城市,以2013年统计数据为准,庆阳市和平凉市平均人口密度分别为97人/平方千米和219人/平方千米,均高于甘肃省平均人口密度(61人/平方千米);陇东地区生产总值达947．29亿元,占甘肃省生产总值的15．11%,属经济发达地区;且陇东地区含有丰富的煤炭和石油资源;可以得知陇东地区区域人口密度高,经济发达,资源丰富。从社会经济条件分析,陇东地区不适合作为中国高放废物粘土岩地质处置库预选区。     

Solubility products of six metal‐glyphosate complexes in water and forestry soils,and their influence on glyphosate toxicity to plants

Abstract

The solubility products (K_sp) of 1:1 complexes of glyphosate, [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine], with Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺, were determined in buffered (pH 7.0) distilled water, moist Ottawa sand, sandy loam and clay loam soils, each adjusted to 0.02 M with respect to KNO₃. The K_sp values decreased in the order of Mg ? Ca > Mn > Zn > Cu > Fe, regardless of the medium in which they were determined. The constants measured in Ottawa sand were similar to those in water, but those in the forestry soils depended upon the type of metal ion involved. The values for the Mg, Ca, Mn and Zn complexes were about 2 to 3 times lower in sandy loam soil than those in water, but those in clay loam were about 3 to 10 times lower. The K_sp of the Cu and Fe complexes were similar to those in water regardless of the soil type used.

In a bioassay experiment using tomato plants, immersed in the saturated solutions of the complexes or planted in the sand and soils containing saturated solutions of the complexes, no mortality occurred although slight inhibition in growth was observed in all cases. The most soluble complexes of Mg and Ca caused the most reduction in plant height, while the least soluble complex of Fe caused little growth inhibition. The Zn, Cu and Mn complexes caused some growth inhibition depending on their K_sp values. The larger the solubility product, the greater the concentration of glyphosate ion in solution, and the greater the growth inhibition. In a similar experiment using white spruce seedlings, growth inhibition was insignificant over the 12‐d bioassay period.