Piggery waste treatment by using down-flow anaerobic fixed bed reactors

A study of the role of the depth in the performance of laboratory-scale down-flow anaerobic fixed-bed reactors (DFAFBR) was carried out at different nominal hydraulic retention times (HRT _N ) using piggery waste as substrate at different influent concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 g COD/L). The profiles of soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) (SCOD), organic nitrogen (O.N.), ammonia nitrogen (A.N.), pH and electrical conductivity (E.C.) through the reactor depths showed an initial highly active zone, which was located around the first half of the reactor depth, and a second zone with a lower biological activity. It was found that the depth of the active zone decreased as the HRT _N increased and that the slopes of the profiles obtained increased with the rise in the influent concentration. A hydraulic test showed an increase in the dispersion number when the HRT _N increased. The reactors showed a hydraulic pattern between plug-flow and back-mix. The real values of HRT (Θ) also defined as real contact times were determined to be 0.7, 2.1, 3.4, 4.7, 6.4 and 8 days for values of HRT _N of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days, respectively. It was found that the concentration of SCOD within the reactor decreased exponentially with the increase in the value of θ. Additionally, the influent concentration had a strong influence on the SCOD variation concentration, mainly at values of θ under 1.5 days, which corresponded to the first part of the reactors.     

Mathematical prediction of imidacloprid persistence in two Croatian soils with different texture,organic matter content and acidity under laboratory conditions

In the present laboratory study, persistence of imidacloprid (IMI) as a function of initial insecticide concentration and soil properties in two Croatian soils (Krk sandy clay and Istria clay soils) was studied and described mathematically. Upon fitting the obtained experimental data for the higher concentration level (5 mg/kg) to mathematical models, statistical parameters (R ², scaled root mean squared error and χ ² error) indicated that the single first-order kinetics model provided the best prediction of IMI degradation in the Krk sandy clay soil, while in the Istria clay soil biphasic degradation was observed. At the lower concentration level (0.5 mg/kg), the biphasic models Gustafson and Holden models as well as the first-order double exponential model fitted the best experimental data in both soils. The disappearance time (DT₅₀) values estimated by the single first-order double exponential model (from 50 to 132 days) proved that IMI can be categorized as a moderately persistent pesticide. In the Krk sandy clay soil, resulting DT₅₀ values tended to increase with an increase of initial IMI concentration, while in the Istria clay soil, IMI persistence did not depend on the concentration. Organic matter of both experimental soils provided an accelerating effect on the degradation rate. The logistic model demonstrated that the effect of microbial activity was not the most important parameter for the biodegradation of IMI in the Istria clay soil, where IMI degradation could be dominated by chemical processes, such as chemical hydrolysis. The results pointed that mathematical modeling could be considered as the most convenient tool for predicting IMI persistence and contributes to the establishment of adequate monitoring of IMI residues in contaminated soil. Furthermore, IMI usage should be strictly controlled, especially in soils with low organic matter content where the risk of soil and groundwater contamination is much higher due to its longer persistence and consequent leaching and/or moving from soil surface prior to its degradation.     

PAC与粘土矿物混凝去除颤藻及残余铝形态研究

研究了PAC与不同粒径的天然粘土矿物复合混凝去除给水中的颤藻。结果表明,两者复合除藻效果显著优于单加PAC。当PAC浓度为12 mg/L,矿物浓度为24 mg/L,粒径为160目时,除藻效果最好,浊度和叶绿素a去除率分别为98.2%和100%。两者复合后PAC形态含量都发生了变化,悬浮态铝含量相对增加,溶解态铝含量相对减少,总残余铝量减小。     

壳聚糖改性粘土絮凝除藻的机理探讨

粘土除藻是一种有前景和环境友好的应急除藻技术。对粘土进行改性以提高其除藻效果是该技术的发展方向之一。文章探讨了壳聚糖改性粘土絮凝除藻的机理。壳聚糖改性修饰后的粘土既能通过壳聚糖的粘结架桥作用絮凝藻细胞,又能通过粘土表面电性的改变凝聚带负电的藻细胞,使改性粘土的絮凝除藻能力大幅度提高。     

吸附苯酚的固定化改性蒙脱土的再生

在固定化改性蒙脱土对苯酚吸附的研究基础上,进一步对固定化改性蒙脱土进行了碱性条件和微生物条件下的再生,并检测再生的效果.碱性再生后固定化改性蒙脱土的吸附能力有一定程度下降.微生物再生效果好于碱性再生,在高效脱酚的瓶形酵母菌(Pityrosporum sp.)作用下,吸附在固定化改性蒙脱土上的苯酚降解率为98.6%,从而达到再生的目的.     

有机改性蒙脱土去除球形棕囊藻赤潮研究

采用离子交换法制备出一种稳定的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性蒙脱土,考察了其对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel)赤潮的杀灭控制作用和絮凝沉降动力学。结果表明,当藻细胞起始密度为1.1×106/mL、改性粘土用量为14 mg/L时,作用48 h后对球形棕囊藻的除藻率为87%;用量为22 mg/L时的除藻率可达91%,而当藻细胞起始密度增大为6.3×106/mL时,同等用量和时间条件下,除藻率分别为62%、73%,呈现出明显的剂量-效应关系,除藻率受藻细胞起始密度影响较大。絮凝沉降实验发现,10 mg/L的改性粘土在60 m in时的沉降率即可达到80%,表明改性粘土对球形棕囊藻有较强的沉降作用及较快的沉降速率。     

热处理对天然富钙粘土矿物除磷能力的影响

以天然富钙粘土矿物（海泡石和凹凸棒）为研究对象,采用热处理的方法对其进行活化,并利用X-射线衍射（XRD）分析了矿物结构的变化,同时研究了热处理粘土矿物的除磷能力和机制.结果表明,热处理能够显著改变海泡石和凹凸棒的矿物组成,大幅提高其对磷的吸附能力,并分别在900 ℃和800 ℃的活化条件下对磷的吸附能力达到最佳,吸附量分别可达37.7 mg·g^-1和30.9 mg·g^-1.Freundlich方程和准二级方程能较好地拟合热处理粘土对磷的吸附热力学和动力学过程.同时还发现,pH值（3~10）对热处理粘土除磷能力基本无影响.热处理富钙粘土的除磷机制主要是与溶液中的磷生成钙磷沉淀.     

Effects of a new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate （DMPP） on nitrate and potassium leaching in two soils

In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate （DMPP） on nitrate （NO3^-- N） and potassium （K） leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate （ASN） （（NH4）2SO4 and NHaNO3） or urea could reduce NO3^--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium （NH4^＋-N） leaching increased slightly. In case of total N （NO3^--N＋NH4^＋-N）, losses by leaching during the experimental period （40 d） were 37.93 mg （urea）, 31.61 mg （urea＋DMPP）, 108.10 mg （ASN）, 60.70 mg （ASN＋DMPP） in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg （urea）, 21.05 mg （urea＋DMPP）, 37.86 mg （ASN）, 31.09 mg （ASN＋DMPP） in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4^＋ -N and low levels of NO3^--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in less potassium leached, but the difference was not significant except the treatment of ASN and ASN＋DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the efficiency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.     

复合加筋排水褥垫软土路堤排水设计方法

复合加筋排水褥垫是针对沿海缺砂地区开发的一项可取代水平排水砂垫层、具有水平排水与加筋作用的新型专利技术。本文介绍了复合加筋排水褥垫的性能指标,给出了复合加筋排水褥垫软土路堤排水设计方法,并将复合加筋排水褥垫与水平排水砂垫层的排水性能进行了对比分析。算例结果表明,复合加筋排水褥垫能满足软土路堤排水要求,其排水性能要明显优越于水平排水砂垫层。     

细粒含量对粉土液化特性影响的试验研究

采用动三轴仪进行粉土液化试验,研究了不同干密度、有效围压、粉粒含量及粘粒含量变化对饱和粉土液化特性的影响。试验结果表明:干密度增加,粉土动强度增加;不同有效围压对动强度的影响不大,其他条件相同时归一化的动强度比基本不变;粘粒含量和粉粒含量对粉土动强度有较大影响。粉土中粘粒含量变化对动强度的影响规律并不是单调变化的,而是在粘粒含量为8%时粉土动强度达到最小值;粉土中粉粒含量变化对动强度影响是单调线性关系,随着粉土中粉粒含量的增加,粉土动强度也线性增加。粉土中粘粒含量和粉土含量对其动强度的影响规律需从粉土的微观结构角度解释。